Nature

WTF Fun Fact 13477 – The Sonoran Desert Toad

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When it comes to the world of psychedelic fauna, few species are as intriguing as the Sonoran Desert toad. It’s technically known as Incilius alvarius. But licking the toad won’t get you high – instead, it might kill you.

Don’t Lick The Toads

Last fall, a plea from the U.S. National Park Service urged visitors to abstain from licking this particular species. The reason? A potent psychedelic compound excreted through its skin has led to increasing instances of poaching, over-harvesting, and illegal trafficking.

Despite the warnings, the toad’s secretions don’t typically induce psychedelic experiences when ingested directly. In fact, they’re toxic when ingested and could lead to cardiac arrest.

When the secretions are collected, dried, and smoked, however, they may elicit auditory and visual hallucinations. Or they may do nothing except get you in a lot of trouble.

The Sonoran Toad and the “God molecule”

The compound responsible for these effects is called 5-MeO-DMT. It’s also in plants as well as the Colorado River toad. And it’s so potent some people have dubbed it the “God molecule.”

The growing demand for powerful hallucinogenic substances now poses a risk to toad populations. These toads often die when humans relocate them outside of their home territory, and it’s common for diseases to spread when smuggler store them together.

All toads secrete toxins, which originally evolved to keep their bodies moist and later evolved as a method of self-defense. What sets the Sonoran Desert toad apart is its unique ability to convert bufotenine, a compound produced by many toads, into 5-MeO-DMT. When threatened, the toad excretes its potent mixture from glands behind each eye and on its legs as a defense mechanism.

The Sonoran Toad’s Toxic Friends

The Sonoran Desert toad isn’t the only species with psychedelic potential. The giant monkey frog from the Amazon Basin produces a toxic secretion called kambô. Its use as a psychedelic is debated. But some users report spiritual experiences similar to those induced by classic hallucinogens, Nevertheless, kambô does not activate the 5-HT2A receptor, a characteristic of traditional psychedelics. Indigenous populations have used kambô for centuries in shamanistic rituals to boost stamina.

Humans have a long history of seeking altered states of consciousness, often guided by the natural world. But our pursuit of these experiences should never come at the expense of the very creatures that offer us these extraordinary glimpses into other realms.

It’s important to balance our curiosity and respect for the natural world with conservation efforts to protect these species and their habitats from exploitation.

If you want to see and hear the toad in question, we found a reliable YouTube video. When it comes to this species, we urge you only to get information from reliable sources!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “The Sonoran Desert toad can alter your mind — it’s not the only animal” — ScienceNews

WTF Fun Fact 13474 – Once There Were No Mosquitos in Hawaii

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Believe it or not, there were no mosquitoes in Hawaii until the 19th century.

In its early days, Hawaii was a natural utopia, a paradise that existed free of the annoying whine and itchy bites of mosquitoes. Native flora and fauna thrived without the interference of these bloodsuckers. This absence wasn’t by chance, though. Hawaii’s remoteness, surrounded by thousands of miles of open ocean, formed a natural barrier that kept mosquitoes, among other things, away.

The End of No Mosquitos in Hawaii

Everything changed in the early 19th century when mosquitoes finally found their way to the Hawaiian Islands. Brought inadvertently by humans, the first recorded arrival was in 1826 on a trading ship. The invasive species soon adapted to the tropical climate and began to breed in the islands’ plentiful standing water sources, spelling trouble for both the local ecosystem and the human population.

The Mosquito’s Impact on the Hawaiian Ecosystem

Once mosquitoes gained a foothold, the repercussions were significant. Hawaii’s native bird populations suffered drastically. Mosquitoes brought avian malaria and avian pox, diseases to which the indigenous birds had no immunity. This resulted in a significant decrease in bird populations, leading some species to the brink of extinction. The Hawaiian honeycreeper, for example, experienced a substantial decline, with some species entirely wiped out.

Humans also felt the effects of the mosquito invasion. Initially, the islands’ residents were not accustomed to the nuisance of mosquitoes. However, more than just a nuisance, mosquitoes brought diseases like dengue fever and the Zika virus, threatening public health. Moreover, tourism, a significant part of Hawaii’s economy, took a hit as the presence of these pests and the diseases they carried became a deterrent for some tourists.

Current Efforts to Control Mosquito Populations

Today, efforts are underway to control mosquito populations and mitigate their impacts on Hawaii’s ecosystem. Measures such as eliminating standing water, using mosquito repellents, and introducing mosquito predators like dragonflies are part of the strategy. In addition, genetic modification technologies are being explored to reduce the ability of mosquitoes to reproduce or carry diseases.

The late arrival of mosquitoes in Hawaii is a stark reminder of the profound effects human activities can have on isolated ecosystems. Even an event as seemingly minor as a mosquito stowing away on a ship can disrupt a delicate balance, causing ripple effects that last for centuries.

Gone are the days when there were no mosquitos in Hawaii. As the islands grapple with the ongoing challenges presented by mosquitoes, this tale provides valuable lessons about the importance of protecting the world’s unique environments from invasive species.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “The Plan to Restore a Mosquito-Free Hawaii” — Revive & Restore

WTF Fun Fact 13470 – An Underwater Concert

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Would you attend an underwater concert off the Florida coast? It certainly sounds unique.

The Florida Keys hosts an annual Underwater Music Festival. Hundreds of divers and snorkelers dive into the ocean to listen to an underwater concert advocating for coral reef protection.

An Underwater Concert for Conservation

The Lower Keys Underwater Music Festival, primarily focuses on promoting eco-conscious diving. It takes place at Looe Key Reef, a region of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. This is situated around 6 miles (10 kilometers) south of Big Pine Key. The sanctuary, established in 1990, spans a whopping 3,800 square miles (9,800 square kilometers). As a result, it protects the expansive barrier reef running parallel to the 125-mile-long (201-kilometer-long) island chain.

Participants of this unique festival are treated to a breathtaking view of Looe Key’s vibrant marine life and coral formations. They swim amongst the oceanic beauty, all while listening to an aquatic-themed playlist broadcasted under the sea. A local radio station pipes the music underwater through waterproof speakers suspended beneath boats stationed above the reef.

Playlist of the Deep

The festival’s curated playlist is a collection of carefully selected water-themed songs. During the concert, classics such as the Beatles’ “Yellow Submarine,” Jimmy Buffett’s “Fins,” and the theme from Disney’s “The Little Mermaid” echo through the water. These tunes punctuate the silence of the sea, interspersed with informative diver awareness messages. The goal is to provide a fun and engaging way to educate attendees on the steps they can take to minimize environmental impacts on the world’s coral reefs.

The ocean becomes a stage where costumed “mermaids” and other characters add visual flair to the concert. The resulting spectacle combines education with entertainment, set against the unique backdrop of the continental United States’ only living coral barrier reef.

Local radio station 104.1 FM and the Lower Keys Chamber of Commerce organize the four-hour musical extravaganza. So, it’s clear their commitment to conservation and creativity is the driving force behind this immersive, educational, and eco-friendly event.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Underwater music show in the Florida Keys promotes awareness of coral reef protection” — Associated Press

WTF Fun Fact 13460 – Sharks in a Lake

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There’s nothing quite like the ocean. But you can get some beach time in at the lake as well. It used to be a shark-free way to enjoy the water. But not anymore since there have been more than a few reports of sharks in a lake!

If you’ve swum in certain lakes around the globe, you might have shared a swim with these fascinating creatures.

Bull sharks are freshwater fans

While Great Whites may not make an appearance in our freshwater lakes, bull sharks, notorious for their ability to survive in both salt and fresh water, do make an appearance. This survival trick is all thanks to their advanced ability to osmoregulate their livers. This allows them to adapt to varying salinity levels, unlike their fellow hammerhead or tiger sharks.

One of the largest freshwater lakes in the Americas, Lake Nicaragua, sees these adaptable creatures as regular inhabitants. The bull sharks make their way through the San Juan River. They successfully navigate through eight rapids, much like salmon, to reach the lake and may reside in the lake for several years.

They exhibit some impressive rapids-navigation abilities not seen in other bull shark populations.

Unexpected sightings of sharks in a lake

Even a seemingly innocent round of golf can turn into a shark encounter at Queensland’s Carbrook Golf Club in Australia. In 1996, a massive flood seems to have left around six bull sharks trapped in the golf course’s freshwater lake. Since then, the shark population has been a consistent feature of the club.

The bull shark presence is not limited to Australia or the Americas. In Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, bull sharks have been spotted and even caught by anglers. A boy was reportedly attacked by a bull shark in 2014 in this lake. The sharks are known to venture more into the lake during the summer. But they retreat back to the Gulf of Mexico towards the year-end.

These fascinating creatures have also been observed in Lake Janoer in New Guinea. Oh, and you might see one in Lake Izabal in Guatemala, Lake Sentani in Indonesia, and Lake Bayano in Panama. (But note that despite a few shark sighting being reported in the Great Lakes, such as Lake Michigan, those have never been scientifically confirmed.)

In a more heartwarming encounter, Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela is home to a bull shark nursery. However, this particular lake may not be the best holiday destination. It holds the world record for the highest number of lightning strikes.

Freshwater lakes aren’t always shark-free

A river swim doesn’t eliminate the risk of encountering a shark. Three species of river sharks exist: the Ganges shark, the northern river shark, and the speartooth shark. These aquatic creatures can be found in the freshwater rivers in India and the brackish estuaries in northern Australia and New Guinea.

But don’t freak out (despite Summer 2023 being the year the ocean seems to be fighting back). It’s essential to remember that shark attacks, whether in the sea or a lake, are exceedingly rare. In fact, have a better chance of being bitten by a New Yorker than a shark!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Shark-Infested Lakes Exist And You Might Have Already Swum In One” — IFL Science

WTF Fun Fact 13457 – Crocodile’s Virgin Birth

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In a scientific breakthrough, researchers have recorded the first known instance of a crocodile’s virgin birth. The female American crocodile lived in isolation for 16 years at a zoo in Costa Rica.

What’s the story behind the crocodile’s virgin birth?

This incredible discovery has revealed a surprising reproductive capability in crocodiles and could provide insight into their prehistoric relatives.

In 2018, the female American crocodile, despite her solitary existence, laid 14 eggs in her enclosure, which is not an uncommon occurrence among captive reptiles. However, things took an unexpected turn when, after three months of incubation, scientists discovered a fully formed, stillborn baby crocodile in one of the eggs.

Genetic analysis of the fetus revealed that this was a result of facultative parthenogenesis (FP), a type of reproduction that occurs without the genetic contribution of males. Essentially, the mother’s egg cell developed into a baby without being fertilized by a male’s sperm cell.

Facultative parthenogenesis explained

In FP, the process of egg cell formation divides a precursor cell into four cells. One of these becomes the egg cell, retaining key cellular structures and the gel-like cytoplasm, while the others contain extra genetic material. Interestingly, one of these cells acts like a sperm cell, fusing with the egg to facilitate fertilization.

While this type of reproduction, colloquially known as a “virgin birth,” has been documented in various species of fish, birds, lizards, and snakes, this is the first-known instance in a crocodile.

The American crocodile is a vulnerable species at risk of extinction. According to one hypothesis, FP may be more prevalent among species on the brink of extinction. The discovery of this unusual reproductive strategy could have significant implications for the conservation of endangered crocodile populations.

A glimpse into the prehistoric past

This astounding discovery in Costa Rica could also open new windows into the ancient past. As the study suggests, the “virgin birth” phenomenon might offer insights into the possible reproductive capabilities of extinct archosaurian relatives of crocodilians and birds, specifically members of Pterosauria and Dinosauria that roamed the earth during the Triassic Period about 250 million years ago.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Scientists find crocodile ‘virgin birth’ at Costa Rica zoo” — Reuters

WTF Fun Fact 13455 – Bird Nest Spikes

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Bird nest spikes sound pretty uncomfortable. But the birds have defeated us since they’re now using anti-bird spikes designed to keep them away as materials to build their nests! Nature always finds a way.

How are birds defeating the spikes?

It’s magpies specifically that are making headlines. They’re the birds that have been found using the anti-bird spikes designed to deter them as construction material for their nests. This fascinating behavior underscores these birds’ remarkable intelligence and adaptability.

Anti-bird spikes are rows of pointed metal or plastic prongs designed to deter birds from perching on buildings, bridges, or statues. People use them when they don’t want birds building nests or leaving droppings in a specific area. And since birds can spread disease, some people see them as dirty.

However, far from being deterred, magpies have decided to turn the tables on humans by using these spikes to their advantage.

Bird nest spikes for a spiteful home

We kid. The birds aren’t spiteful. They’re just trying to survive.

Birdwatchers have observed magpies collecting these anti-bird spikes and weaving them among twigs and branches to create sturdy and secure homes. The supposed deterrents have become a beneficial resource for these intelligent creatures.

Scientists believe that these birds’ unexpected behavior is an example of neophilia, an attraction to new things. Unlike neophobia, a fear of new things common in many animals, neophilia is characteristic of certain bird species, particularly those known for their intelligence like magpies and crows. The anti-bird spikes are new elements in their environment, so the birds investigate them and then find a way to use them to their advantage.

Implications for bird deterrence

The use of anti-bird spikes by magpies challenges the effectiveness of this deterrence method. If the birds can repurpose these structures for their use, their presence may not achieve the intended effect of keeping the birds away. This revelation could prompt a re-evaluation of current bird deterrent strategies.

The behavior of these magpies and crows using anti-bird spikes underscores the impressive cognitive abilities of these birds. It’s yet another example of their capability to adapt to and exploit the human-altered environment, offering further proof that these birds possess a high level of intelligence and problem-solving skills.

The birds’ actions also serve as a reminder of the continuous interplay between wildlife and human spaces. As humans encroach more on natural habitats, animals must adjust and adapt to survive. These magpies and crows turning a human deterrent into a beneficial resource is a clear instance of this adaptive behavior.

Conclusion

In their creative use of anti-bird spikes, magpies and crows have provided a fascinating case study of avian ingenuity. They’ve turned a human-made deterrent into an advantageous resource, demonstrating their intelligence and adaptability. These observations could have significant implications for how we design bird deterrents in the future. It also invites us to appreciate and respect the remarkable cognitive capabilities of these feathered urban dwellers.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Magpies Are Making Nests Out Of Humans’ “Anti-Bird” Spikes” — IFL Science

WTF Fun Fact 13453 – Shark GPS Tracker Draws Shark

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A great white shark with a GPS tracker drew a shark in the waters off the eastern coast of North America. Was he “punking” researchers? Telling us he knows what we’re up to? Do sharks mysteriously swim in shark-shaped patterns? Or are we just seeing what we want to see?

Don’t answer that – it’s not as funny if you do.

The unconventional artist

Art and creativity are typically deemed human endeavors. But perhaps they also belong to the great white shark who unwittingly sketched a self-portrait, using tracking data as its brush.

Our artist is a mature male great white shark, named Breton by the OCEARCH team. He’s a frequent wanderer off the Atlantic Ocean coast of Long Island, New York. As part of the shark tracking initiative, he carries a tracker affixed to his dorsal fin. This tracker collects and relays data whenever the shark surfaces, providing an almost real-time map of the shark’s movement.

Did the shark GPS tracker draw a shark?

A May 2022 observation of Breton’s tracking data offered an unexpected delight to the researchers. It seemed as though Breton had swum in a pattern that mirrored the outline of a great white shark when seen from above.

OCEARCH shared the data on its social media, and the internet quickly took notice.

The tracking path captured not only the body’s curve but also the classic angular shape of the tail and the pectoral fins. It sure looks like a shark!

Coincidence or Design?

As fascinating as Breton’s journey may seem, it is essential to underline that the ‘self-portrait’ was purely coincidental. Sharks navigate based on instincts and sensory information, not a predetermined design. Sorry if you needed to be told that – but people have been studying sharks for a long time. That doesn’t mean we can’t enjoy the coincidence!

While the artistic byproduct is captivating, the primary purpose of tracking sharks like Breton is conservation. By learning about migration patterns, feeding areas, and breeding grounds, scientists can devise effective strategies to safeguard these creatures. The knowledge gained from such tracking can inform the establishment of marine protected areas and fishing regulations.

The good news is that Breton’s self-portrait can serve as a symbol for raising awareness about the threats facing great white sharks.

Issues like overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change pose significant threats to these magnificent creatures. Breton’s story is an opportunity to engage the public and rally support for shark conservation.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Great White Shark Accidentally Draws Self-Portrait With Tracking Path” — The Inertia

WTF Fun Fact 13443 – Dead Fruit Flies

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When fruit flies see or smell their dead comrades, their own lives are cut short. Talk about putting a damper on your day!

Fruit flies stress after seeing other dead fruit flies

If you’re a fruit fly, seeing one of your fallen is not just unsettling. It’s downright harmful to your health. Despite their diminutive size, experience stress and negative health effects when they witness the remains of their kin.

Neuroscientists have found that when fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) see their deceased fellow flies, specific brain cells are triggered.

And these aren’t just any brain cells. They are neurons that respond to visual stimuli, known as visual projection neurons (VPNs). These cells relay information from the flies’ eyes to their brains, helping them interpret and react to what they see.

What’s going on in a fruit fly’s brain?

But let’s add a pinch of intrigue to the mix. These neuroscientists didn’t stop at merely identifying the type of neurons involved. They zeroed in on the specific group of neurons that reacts to the sight of dead flies. The neurons in question are part of a cluster known as the “globus pallidus.” This is an area associated with movement and learning.

These scientists have discovered the precise neighborhood in the fruit fly’s brain where the “dead fly sighting stress response” takes place.

So, what happens when these neurons fire? In short, they trigger a series of stress responses that have a tangible impact on the fruit flies’ health and lifespan. As the sight of a dead fellow fly becomes ingrained in the fly’s brain, it alters the expression of stress-related genes, tipping the physiological balance and leading to a shorter lifespan.

This discovery has raised intriguing questions about the evolution of empathy and social responses in insects. While fruit flies may not experience empathy in the way humans do, their stress response to seeing dead comrades suggests a level of social awareness. This raises the question: why would such a response evolve? One possibility is that the sight of death serves as a warning signal, indicating the presence of potential threats or diseases, thus prompting the fly to modify its behavior.

However, this remarkable finding does more than just throw light on fruit flies’ stress responses. It could also contribute to our understanding of how human brains process stress and trauma. Humans, like fruit flies, have neurons that respond to visual stimuli. Therefore, these findings could lead to a better understanding of how our brains respond to stressful visual experiences, and potentially inform treatments for stress-related disorders.

— WTF fun facts

Source: “Seeing dead fruit flies is bad for the health of fruit flies – and neuroscientists have identified the exact brain cells responsible” — The Conversation

WTF Fun Fact 13439 – The Dog Days of Summer Explained

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Does the phrase “Dog Days of Summer” conjure images of lethargic canines lazing in the heat? Well, the origins of this term reach far beyond our four-legged friends and into space.

What are the dog days of summer?

Ok, technically, it does have to do with a dog – Sirius, the Dog Star. Sirius is part of the constellation Canis Major, and it’s the brightest star in the Earth’s night sky.

The term “Dog Days” stems from the ancients, both Greeks and Romans, who noticed the coincidence of the hottest time of the year with the period when Sirius rose and set with the Sun. They hypothesized that the added radiance of Sirius was the cause of the intensified summer heat. Thus the phrase “Dog Days” in reference to Sirius’s constellation.

But the “Dog Days” are more than just a celestial phenomenon and a synonym for summer swelter. They have cultural and historical significance dating back thousands of years. The Greeks, for instance, saw the period as a time of potential disaster, heralding fever, catastrophe, and even the downfall of empires.

Wobbling dog days

Fast forward to the present, and the “Dog Days” still persist in our lexicon. However, due to a phenomenon called precession (the slow wobble of Earth’s rotational axis), the dates during which Sirius rises and sets with the Sun have slowly shifted over centuries. Yet, the phrase “Dog Days” remains tethered to the heart of the summer. It’s recognized in the Northern Hemisphere primarily from July 3 to August 11.

The warmest days of summer, those long afternoons that stretch languidly towards the evening, are connected to a distant cosmic spectacle occurring about 8.6 light-years away. That is the beauty of astronomy and the power of human observation, linking us to the stars and the seasons in unexpected ways.

So, next time you’re feeling the heat of summer bearing down, spare a thought for Sirius and its ancient connection to these sultry days. The “Dog Days” are a cosmic link, a reminder that even on the hottest days of summer, we are all under the same sky.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Stars and canines collide in ‘dog days’” — Christian Science Monitor

WTF Fun Fact 13438 – Killer Whales are Dolphins

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Here’s a bit of trivia that might just turn your marine world upside down: killer whales, also known as orcas, aren’t whales. They’re actually the largest dolphins in the sea! That’s right, Shamu, the poster child for what we envision when we think of whales, is really more Flipper than Moby Dick.

Are orcas whales or dolphins?

Orcas, known for their black bodies, striking white patches, and formidable size, are a sight to behold. However, despite their common name – killer “whale” – these majestic creatures are more closely related to their smaller, playful dolphin cousins.

Now, this might seem like a marine biologist trying to mess with you, but it’s all in the scientific classification. Orcas are part of the oceanic dolphin family, known as Delphinidae, which includes other well-known species like the bottlenose dolphin and the common dolphin. Essentially, all killer whales are dolphins, but not all dolphins are killer whales.

In fact, the orca’s scientific name, Orcinus orca, loosely translates to ‘demon from hell’, a nod to their reputation as fierce hunters. But don’t let the ominous name scare you, these creatures are incredibly intelligent and social.

Orcas, like their dolphin relatives, are known for their intelligence and complex social structures. They live in tight-knit groups known as pods, led by a matriarch, often the oldest female. Within these pods, they communicate using a series of clicks, whistles, and body movements.

What’s fascinating about orcas is that different pods can have different cultures, dialects, hunting techniques, and even dietary preferences. This level of cultural diversity is virtually unheard of outside of human societies, further cementing their place in the pantheon of intelligent life on Earth.

Classifying creatures

However, their classification as dolphins doesn’t make them any less ‘killer’. They are apex predators, the top of the food chain, preying on seals, fish, squid, and even other whales. Their name, ‘killer whale’, is actually a bit of a misnomer. It originates from the term ‘whale killer’, coined by sailors who observed these dolphins attacking larger whales.

Despite being top predators, orcas face a host of challenges in the modern world, ranging from pollution and loss of prey to climate change and captivity. Our understanding of orcas, their behaviors, and their needs, is crucial for their protection.

Perhaps one of the best ways we can appreciate orcas is to realize that they’re not so different from us. They’re intelligent, they’re social, they’re diverse, and they’re vulnerable. They’re dolphins that have adapted to their environment in remarkable ways, rising to the top of the oceanic food chain.

So next time you hear the term “killer whale”, remember, these magnificent creatures are actually the ocean’s largest dolphins. Just another example of how the natural world continues to surprise and inspire us!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Is an orca (killer whale) a whale or a dolphin?” — WDC

WTF Fun Fact 13437 – Nuclear Pasta

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Luckily, nuclear pasta is not coming to a dinner plate near you.

Imagine the densest material in the universe. It’s far harder than a diamond. In fact, this stuff is ten billion times stronger. Nestled in the heart of a neutron star, there’s a material that goes by the name: nuclear pasta.

Why is it called nuclear pasta?

Welcome to the most outlandish, mind-boggling part of astrophysics. Neutron stars, the remnants of massive stars that exploded as supernovae, pack twice the mass of our sun into a sphere just 20 kilometers in diameter. As a result, these objects have some truly wild properties.

If you were to dig into the heart of a neutron star, you’d see layers of complexity. As you delve deeper, things get denser and denser. Around halfway to the center, the density of the material becomes so great that the atomic nuclei become squished into a variety of shapes. Scientists believe they resemble pasta types, hence the nickname.

But what makes this stuff special?

According to research, these are likely the densest and hardest substances in the universe. In fact, one sugar cube of nuclear pasta would weigh as much as a mountain.

Theoretical physicists and astrophysicists have been trying to simulate nuclear pasta to better understand its properties. According to a 2018 study, nuclear pasta may be the strongest material in the universe. It’s not only incredibly dense but also has a shearing resistance tougher than steel’s.

This immense density results in intense gravitational fields, causing the pasta shapes to align themselves into an incredibly tight lattice structure. This structure could play a crucial role in various neutron star phenomena, including starquakes, glitches, and even gravitational waves.

Interestingly, nuclear pasta doesn’t exist naturally on Earth, and for a good reason – it’s way too dense and strong for our environment. But the fact that it exists in the universe opens up a whole new realm of physics.

Discovering the existence of nuclear pasta is also vital for understanding neutron stars better. These stars are not only fascinating in their own right but also play a crucial role in the life cycles of galaxies. Understanding more about neutron stars could, therefore, lead to insights about how galaxies, including our own Milky Way, evolve over time.

There’s still so much to learn about neutron stars. But one thing’s for sure – the universe is full of fantastic and surprising structures!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “What is nuclear pasta?” — BBC Sky at Night Magazine

WTF Fun Fact 13436 – Vertical Forests

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Do you know about the urban jungles called vertical forests? These towers of lush greenery stretch skyward, a testament to man’s ingenuity and nature’s adaptability.

The original vertical forest – Bosco Verticale

Vertical forests stem from the inventive mind of Italian architect Stefano Boeri. His vision for a greener planet led to the creation of Bosco Verticale, a pair of residential towers in Milan. These living, breathing structures showcase over 900 trees, 5,000 shrubs, and 11,000 floral plants. The foliage acts as an urban lung, absorbing carbon dioxide and pumping out oxygen, offering a breath of fresh air in a bustling metropolis.

Vertical forests in Asia

Hot on Milan’s heels, Nanjing, China, unveiled its vertical forest concept in 2018. Nanjing Green Towers mirror their Italian counterparts, cocooning a hotel, office, museum, school, and a rooftop club in a verdant embrace. Greenery cloaks the buildings, forming a dynamic ecosystem that provides shade, reduces noise pollution, and creates a habitat for birds and insects.

Across the globe in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Vo Trong Nghia Architects has a vision. With the city’s greenspace dwindling, they proposed a series of condominiums swathed in bamboo-filled concrete planters. They’ve named it the “House for Trees,” with each building designed to accommodate a tree on its roof.

A burgeoning trend

But, vertical forests aren’t solely for the concrete giants of the world. Medium-sized cities have jumped on the bandwagon too, with Eindhoven, a quaint city in the Netherlands, unveiling its own verdant vision. Trudo Vertical Forest is an affordable housing project designed to provide low-income families with sustainable homes wrapped in the embrace of 125 mature trees and countless shrubs.

In Quito, Ecuador, the urban jungle takes a different form. The IQON is Latin America’s first vertical forest, with plans to feature over 300 tree species, some of which are in danger of extinction. It’s an ambitious project, and one that aims to reconcile the city with its biodiverse surroundings.

Finally, let’s take a trip to the desert. In the heart of Egypt’s New Administrative Capital, Stefano Boeri strikes again. He proposes a series of seven vertical forest buildings and three green residential complexes. The design aims to combat desertification while creating a bio-diverse urban ecosystem.

These are just a few examples of the burgeoning trend of vertical forests, a unique solution to urbanization’s challenges. As the world’s cities continue to expand, it’s this kind of innovative, nature-centric architecture that will help keep our urban environments breathable, sustainable, and beautiful.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “9 Vertical Forests Around the World That Look like Jungles in the City” — Interesting Engineering

WTF Fun Fact 13435 – Namibia’s Dead Vlei

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Dead Vlei is a fascinating expanse of parched land that delivers a raw, unfiltered taste of nature’s ironies. Located in the Namib-Naukluft Park in Namibia, this peculiar terrain is quite a spectacle to behold.

What is Dead Vlei?

The name “Dead Vlei” evokes mystery, intrigue, and a tinge of the macabre. It means “dead marsh.” But there are no marshy wetlands here, only a bleak and barren desert forest.

Years ago, the scene was different. The Tsauchab River flowed through, nourishing life. Acacia trees rose from the marsh, drinking from the river’s bounty. The dunes blocked the river’s path about 700 years ago, and the life-source dried up. The trees could not survive, their lives snuffed out by the desert’s harsh reality.

A tree cemetery

Today, they stand as skeletal remains, eerily immortalized in the arid expanse. Scorched black by the sun, the 900-year-old trees defy decomposition. They’re trapped in time, providing a stark contrast against the bleached-white clay pan.

Towering over the land are immense sand dunes that stretch towards the sky. These are some of the tallest dunes in the world, reaching dizzying heights of over 300 meters.

Walking into Dead Vlei feels like entering a surreal painting. The arid, cracked earth underfoot, the blackened trees standing as silent sentinels, the rusty-red dunes in the backdrop – it’s a stark yet mesmerizing display of contrasts. It’s the living and the dead, color and monochrome, life’s vitality and death’s silence.

The place is remote, nestled within the expansive Namib Desert, one of the world’s oldest. To reach Dead Vlei, one must traverse the salt and clay pan of Sossusvlei, another stunning locale, renowned for its red dunes and vivid landscapes. The journey might be long, but the sight that awaits at the end is worth every step.

Dead Vlei has served as the backdrop for various film and television productions and drawn photographers from around the globe.

— WTF fun facts

Source: “Dead Vlei, Namib-Naukluft National Park, Sossusvlei, Namibia” — Atlas Obscura

WTF Fun Fact 13434 – Tanzania’s Lake Natron

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Tanzania’s Lake Natron is not your average lake. Imagine a vast shimmering pink and red body of water so caustic that it burns your skin and eyes. It’s rumored to turn animals into stone (though that’s not quite true). I’s both beautiful and creepy.

Lake Natron’s eerie characteristics

Lake Natron, nestled in the Great Rift Valley, is a salt lake. It gets its name from natron, a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate and around 17% sodium bicarbonate. Add in some salt and mineral impurities, and you have a lake with a pH as high as 10.5. That’s incredibly alkaline.

With these numbers, you might think nothing could survive here. But you’d be wrong. Three species of fish, Alcolapia alcalica, Alcolapia latilabris, and Alcolapia ndalalani, call this caustic lake home. These hardy creatures adapted to Lake Natron’s harsh conditions and live quite happily in its waters.

The myth of Lake Natron

In stark contrast to its resident fishes, the lake has been accused of turning birds and other animals into statues. You heard that right – stone statues. But before you jump to a petrifying conclusion, let’s debunk that myth.

Photographer Nick Brandt published a series of hauntingly beautiful images of calcified animals along Lake Natron’s shores, triggering rumors that its water could turn creatures to stone. But the reality is less fantastical and more scientific.

The animals, likely dead before they touched Natron’s waters, were preserved by its alkalinity. Similar to how ancient Egyptians used natron to mummify bodies, the lake’s water can preserve and give a stony appearance to those unfortunate creatures that end up in its depths. But instant petrification? That’s a myth.

However, that doesn’t mean Lake Natron is all welcoming. With temperatures that can reach up to 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit), it’s inhospitable for many species. Touching the water could cause burns, especially to the eyes and skin of unadapted animals and humans. So while it’s not turning beings to stone, it’s not exactly a friendly dip.

Flamingo’s love it!

Yet, despite its harshness, Lake Natron is the chosen breeding ground for more than 2.5 million Lesser Flamingos. The lake’s extreme conditions keep the flamingos safe from predators, while the algae thriving in the salty water serve as a rich food source.

The juxtaposition between Lake Natron’s beauty and harshness is stark. For this reason, it it’s a magnet for both tourists and scientists alike. Its eeriness, the ghostly images of life arrested in time, is a fascinating aspect of its lure. But there’s more to this lake than meets the eye.

Lake Natron is an excellent reminder of how nature is full of surprises and adaptations. Its unique ecosystem underscores the balance between life and death, showcasing how even in the harshest conditions, life finds a way to not just survive, but thrive.

The truth about Lake Natron is far more interesting than myths.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Lake Natron: Deadly to Most Life, but the Flamingos Love It” — Explorer’s Web

WTF Fun Fact 13429 – Crown Shyness in Trees

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Have you ever seen a tree get nervous? Certainly not, but crown shyness in trees is about to give you a whole new perspective.

Imagine wandering through a dense forest, the quiet whispers of leaves your only company. You gaze upward, finding yourself under a vast, living canopy. Now, observe the leaves’ formation. Notice how each leaf reaches out for its share of sunlight, yet mysteriously avoids overlapping with its neighbor. This intriguing behavior is known as crown shyness.

Crown shyness is a botanical phenomenon where trees of the same species (and sometimes, different species) avoid touching one another. The resulting gaps in the canopy form a stark, jigsaw-like pattern against the sky—a natural artwork of lines and spaces, fascinating and beautiful.

What causes crowd shyness in trees?

The exact cause of crown shyness remains a subject of debate among scientists. Some theories propose that it’s a mechanism to prevent the spread of harmful insects or diseases. Others suggest it’s due to the trees’ sensitivity to physical contact. When branches collide due to wind, they could sustain damage, leading to a phenomenon known as ‘branch abrasion.’ Over time, the trees might “learn” to avoid contact, hence the “shyness.”

But whatever the cause, the consequences of crown shyness on forest ecosystems are tangible. The patterns it creates reduce competition for sunlight, enabling all trees to flourish. Moreover, the resulting gaps in the canopy permit more rainfall to reach the forest floor, benefitting the undergrowth.

Even though we attribute the term “shyness” to this phenomenon, the reality is anything but timid. It’s a fierce competition for survival and a demonstration of cooperative living in the wild. It’s a reminder that trees, though stationary and silent, engage in complex interactions with each other.

The more we know the less we understand

By observing and understanding these unique patterns, we gain insights into the interconnectedness of nature. We comprehend how trees, despite being rooted to the spot, communicate and interact with their environment in ways beyond our understanding.

In our fast-paced world, a moment spent contemplating the “shyness” of the trees can instill a deeper respect for the complexity and subtlety of nature. As we walk under the forest’s green canopy, we’re participating in a delicate dance that’s been choreographed over millennia. A dance where each participant knows their place and respects the other, a dance of survival, adaptation, and above all, cooperation.

So, the next time you wander into a forest, look up. Witness the marvel of crown shyness. You’re not merely observing a scientific phenomenon; you’re peering into an intricate world that continues to inspire, educate, and mesmerize us.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Some trees may ‘social distance’ to avoid disease” — National Geographic

WTF Fun Fact 13426 – Stockholm Wood City

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Making a bold environmental statement, Sweden, is embracing the future with the Stockholm Wood City. It will be the world’s largest wooden city and was designed by the architectural firms of Henning Larsen and White Arkitekter.

What will it be like in the Stockholm Wood City?

The eco-designers’ plan showcases the boundless possibilities of sustainable urban design. The project was just unveiled and construction will begin in 2025 to be completed in 2027.

Sweden’s capital is no stranger to innovative, earth-friendly practices. But the Wood City project takes it to an entirely new level. This massive urban development, sprawling over an area of 19 hectares, aims to construct 2000 homes, entirely out of wood.

Wood, a renewable resource, significantly reduces the carbon footprint, presenting an eco-friendly alternative to traditional construction materials.

The architects at Henning Larsen and White Arkitekter have their eyes set on more than just creating wooden structures. They intend to foster a sense of community. So, the design incorporates communal gardens, courtyards, and open public spaces. The heart of the city will feature a massive public square, set to act as the bustling social hub, uniting people under the umbrella of green living.

Living in the future

Functionality walks hand-in-hand with aesthetics in this futuristic city. The architects envision apartment buildings with distinctive wooden facades, maintaining a balance between modern design and the traditional Swedish aesthetic. The streets will weave organically through the district, with cycle paths and pedestrian walkways facilitating easy movement.

The project also promises the incorporation of native plants with the hopes of supporting local wildlife, making urban living compatible with nature.

The Wood City, apart from being a residential haven, also plans to host commercial spaces, schools, and preschools. It aims to be a self-contained ecosystem, embodying sustainable living at its best.

Crucial to the success of the project is the adaptability of the wooden structures. They are designed for flexibility, allowing for changes in line with evolving resident needs. This forward-thinking approach ensures that the city remains relevant and functional in the long term, adapting to the changing times. (Very unlike cities today!)

Wood City sets a precedent for cities worldwide, hopefully proving that urban living doesn’t have to come at the cost of the environment. The designers are even confident that the air will be cleaner due to their eco-friendly building practices.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “‘World’s largest wooden city’ designed by Henning Larsen and White Arkitekter in Stockholm” — Atchinect

WTF Fun Fact 13425 – The Dracula Parrot

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Who doesn’t love a bird that looks like Dracula? They’re not exactly warm and cuddly, but the Dracula Parrot is a fascinating creature.

What is the Dracula Parrot?

The real name of this bird is Pesquet’s Parrot. Native to the rainforests of New Guinea, the oddly-colored creature is unlike any other parrot.

We typically think of parrots as brightly colored, but the Dracula parrot is black and charcoal grey with a dash of scarlet feathers. It’s those scarlet feathers on the belly and wings that make people think of the bloody book character.

What makes Pesquet’s Parrot unique?

In addition to its somber coloring (which we think is quite fashionable), the bird’s face is unlike other parrots’. The Dracula Parrot’s near featherless face is unusual in the parrot family, but serves a specific purpose. With a diet primarily composed of figs, the lack of feathers helps to keep them clean while feeding.

As a frugivore (not a vampire), the Dracula Parrot feeds on a variety of fig species. This dietary specialization also distinguishes it from its parrot relatives, who are often wood-chewers or nut-crackers.

Its feeding habits have, over time, necessitated an adaptation of strong, sharp claws that help it clasp onto branches while it gorges on its beloved figs.

Behavior and biodiversity of the Dracula Parrot

This beguiling bird is also unlike other parrot species behaviorally. Most of these birds are known for their loud calls and social behavior. However, the Dracula Parrot exhibits a comparatively quieter disposition.

In addition, their flight pattern, described as swift and purposeful, often takes them above the canopy. Other parrots prefer staying within it.

Unlike their more gregarious counterparts, Dracula Parrots tend to be found in pairs or small groups. This propensity for quieter, smaller congregations further amplifies their enigmatic persona.

They’re dark. They’re mysterious. They’re just…so cool!

A vivid reminder

While the Dracula Parrot adds an interesting hue to the rich biodiversity of New Guinea, it is, unfortunately, not immune to the threats that many wildlife species face today. Habitat loss due to deforestation and hunting for its striking feathers (used in local ceremonial attire) are significant challenges to its survival.

Its diet, so unique and specific, also makes it more vulnerable to the effects of habitat destruction.

However, not all is bleak for the bird. Conservation efforts are ongoing to ensure that this distinct bird continues to be a part of our planet’s beautiful biodiversity.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Pesquet’s Parrot (Dracula Parrot): Psittrichas fulgidus” — A-Z Animals

WTF Fun Fact 13423 – Egyptian New Year

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Ancient Egyptian New Year took place right after the summer solstice. But it’s all because of the stars.

How did the ancient Egyptian New Year work?

In ancient Egypt, a star took center stage in the night sky right after the summer solstice. Not just any star, but Sirius, the brightest in our galaxy. Its annual appearance sparked a series of critical events. The Nile River would flood, replenishing the arid land with fresh, fertile soil. An agricultural resurgence followed, as did the beginning of a new year in the Egyptian calendar. That’s why Sirius was also referred to as the “Nile Star.”

New beginnings

So, what was the connection between the summer solstice, Sirius, and the Nile’s annual flooding? Each event seemed to occur in a synchronized manner. The solstice, marking the longest day of the year, was like the opening act. It was the signal, the green light, that Sirius was about to make its grand appearance.

Soon after the solstice, just as the Earth began its tilt away from the sun, Sirius would rise above the eastern horizon. The Egyptians saw this as no coincidence. In their view, Sirius had a profound influence on the Earth. It controlled the ebbs and flows of the mighty Nile.

In essence, the Egyptians saw the world around them as a mirror of the cosmos. Everything was interconnected. The rise of Sirius, the flooding of the Nile, the abundance of crops – these were not isolated events but part of a grand, divine plan. They believed Sirius triggered the Nile flood. The life-bringing waters were a celestial gift, ushering in a season of fertility and growth.

Following the cosmos

With the rise of Sirius linked to such an essential natural event, it’s no surprise the Egyptians incorporated it into their calendar. The Egyptian New Year was not only a temporal marker but a time of celebration, renewal, and anticipation for the bountiful harvest that lay ahead.

The fascinating link between Sirius, the summer solstice, and the flooding of the Nile demonstrates the Egyptians’ profound understanding of astronomy and its influence on their environment. They recognized patterns, made predictions, and used this knowledge to their advantage.

And this is yet another reminder that calendars do not arbitrarily mark time but are instead rooted in the significant events of their world.

— WTF fun facts

Source: “SUMMER SOLSTICE: 3 HISTORICAL LOCATIONS THAT MARK THE ORIGINAL HOLIDAY” — Inverse