fun fact

WTF Fun Fact 13386 – Wearing White Before Memorial Day

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Wearing white between Memorial Day and Labor Day has long been a fashion tradition in the United States. We often associate it with the summer season. In some places, Americans still consider this custom a style guideline, and people may still follow it in more formal or traditional settings.

The origins of wearing white between Memorial Day and Labor Day

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the emergence of a fashion rule that linked wearing white to staying cool in hot weather. People then deemed it appropriate for summer attire. This rule predominantly gained popularity among the upper classes. They often spent summers at vacation resorts or country estates. Wearing white garments, particularly lightweight fabrics, allowed them to reflect sunlight and remain cool. It also became a symbol of fashion and social status.

Over time, the tradition of wearing white between Memorial Day and Labor Day became deeply ingrained in American culture. Memorial Day marks the unofficial start of summer in late May. Labor Day in early September, signifies its end. These holidays, therefore, served as bookends for this period of traditional white attire.

Violating fashion norms

Wearing white after Labor Day was generally discouraged as it was seen as a violation of established fashion norms. This was eventually the case among all social classes. The belief was that white was more suitable for warm-weather occasions, and transitioning to darker, autumnal colors was considered appropriate as the season changed.

Middle and lower class people also adopted the custom. This is in part because dressing is a way of socially conforming or trying to project one’s class. Wearing white was an aspirational mimicking of what the wealthy class was doing.

Breaking rules

However, fashion rules have evolved, and the strict adherence to the “no white after Labor Day” rule has waned in modern times. Many individuals now choose to wear white throughout the year, and fashion trends have become more individualistic, breaking away from traditional guidelines.

While the significance of the “no white after Labor Day” rule has diminished, some people and social circles may still choose to adhere to it as a personal preference or a nod to traditional fashion etiquette. Ultimately, the decision to wear white or any other color during a specific time of the year is a matter of personal style and choice.

— WTF fun facts

Source: “Why can’t you wear white after Labor Day? Fashion’s perennial rule, explained.” — USA Today

WTF Fun Fact 13385 – Flag Protocol on Memorial Day

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There is a special flag protocol on Memorial Day in the United States. The country follows a tradition where it raises the flag to the top of the staff in the morning. Then, the country solemnly lowers it to half-staff until noon. After noon, the country raises the flag back to full staff.

Why is there a special flag protocol on Memorial Day?

The practice of flying the flag at half-staff is a gesture of remembrance and honor for the soldiers who gave their lives in service to their country. Lowering the flag to half-staff is a solemn and poignant way to pay tribute to their memory. It serves as a visible reminder of their sacrifice.

People have long associated the half-staff position with mourning, and it reflects a sense of national tribute on Memorial Day.

During this time, from sunrise until noon, the nation collectively pauses to remember and reflect on the sacrifices of fallen service members.

Re-raising the flag at noon

While you may not have noticed, Americans customarily raise the flag back to full staff at noon on Memorial Day. This signifies the transition from a period of remembrance for the deceased to a focus on honoring the living who continue to safeguard the nation’s freedom. It represents the resilience, courage, and dedication of the men and women who serve in the armed forces.

Raising the flag to full staff after noon, it is a symbolic way of recognizing the ongoing commitment and sacrifices made by active-duty military personnel, veterans, and all those who contribute to the defense of the country. It serves as a reminder that the spirit of those who have fallen lives on through the determination and dedication of those who continue to serve.

Flag decorum

It is important to note that the practice of lowering the flag to half-staff is not exclusive to Memorial Day. People also observe it on other occasions of national mourning. For example, when they remember fallen public officials, national tragedies, or the death of a prominent figure.

However, on Memorial Day, the symbolism takes on added significance. The as nation comes together to honor the fallen heroes who have made the ultimate sacrifice for their country.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Flying the American Flag at Half Staff” — U.S. Department of Veteran’s Affairs

WTF Fun Fact 13384 – Centralia Mine Fire

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In Pennsylvania, a fire has been burning underground since May 1962. This coal-seam fire, known as the Centralia mine fire, has defied all attempts to extinguish it and continues to smolder to this day.

The origins of the Centralia mine fire

The exact cause and start date of the Centralia mine fire remains a matter of debate. Some suggest that it was ignited deliberately on May 27, 1962. That’s when the town council set a fire to clean up the landfill in an abandoned strip mine. However, others argue that the fire had already been burning before that fateful day. They think it may have originated from the Bast Colliery coal fire of 1932.

Regardless of its precise origin, the fire quickly spread into the labyrinth of abandoned coal mines beneath Centralia. This helped perpetuate its unstoppable grip on the town.

The extent of the destruction

The Centralia mine fire is estimated to have the potential to burn for more than 250 years. It stretches over an area of 3,700 acres and reaches depths of up to 300 feet. This is a result of the abundance of coal and network of underground tunnels providing a fuel source.

Efforts to extinguish the fire have been futile, with multiple excavation projects failing to snuff out the flames.

The impact of the Centralia mine fire on the town and its residents has been catastrophic. Over time, the hazardous levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and low oxygen levels caused health concerns, leading to the evacuation and relocation of most residents.

By 2017, the population dwindled to just five residents. That’s a stark contrast to the 1,500 inhabitants at the time the fire began. Abandoned buildings, crumbling infrastructure, and eerie streets shrouded in smoke have transformed Centralia into an unlikely tourist attraction.

The ongoing legacy of the fire

As the fire persisted, legal battles and controversies emerged. In 1992, Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey invoked eminent domain, condemning all the buildings in Centralia. The government offered the residents buyouts, and most accepted, leaving only a handful determined to remain in their homes.

Despite appeals, the remaining residents were eventually ordered to leave. However, the town reached an agreement in 2013 to allow some holdouts live out their lives before the properties would be taken through eminent domain.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “This Mine Fire Has Been Burning For Over 50 Years” — History Channel

WTF Fun Fact 13383 – The Longest Sneezing Fit

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According to the Guinness Book of World Records, “The longest sneezing fit ever recorded is that of Donna Griffiths (UK, b. 1969) who started sneezing on 13 January 1981 and surpassed the previous duration record of 194 days on 26 July 1981. She sneezed an estimated million times in the first 365 days and achieved her first sneeze-free day on 16 September 1983 – the 977th day.”

The longest sneezing fit in the world

Donna Griffiths holds the record for the longest sneezing fit ever recorded. Her ordeal began on January 13, 1981, and continued until September 16, 1983.

The uncontrollable sneezing started when Donna was just 12 years old. Initially, it began with an isolated sneeze, but soon escalated into an unending series of sneezes that persisted day and night. Doctors diagnosed her with “hay fever,” or allergic rhinitis. They hypothesized that it was triggered by an allergic reaction to environmental factors such as dust, pollen, or pet dander.

Throughout her marathon sneezing fit, Donna’s life was severely impacted. She found it challenging to carry out even the simplest daily tasks. The constant sneezing disrupted her sleep, hindered her ability to eat, and made it nearly impossible to concentrate. The physical strain on her body was immense, resulting in extreme exhaustion and weight loss.

The quest for a cure

Seeking relief, Donna consulted numerous medical professionals who struggled to find a solution. Doctors attempted to use antihistamines, steroids, and other allergy medications. But unfortunately, none provided any lasting respite. Specialists were baffled by the persistence of her condition and the lack of response to conventional treatments.

As news of Donna’s extraordinary sneezing fit spread, her case drew attention from the media and medical community alike. Reporters followed her story closely, documenting her struggles and attempts to find a cure. Her condition became a medical curiosity, and experts across the globe weighed in on potential causes and treatments for her unique case.

The end of the ordeal

Eventually, after enduring nearly three years of relentless sneezing, Donna’s condition began to subside. The sneezing fits gradually became less frequent and less intense until they eventually ceased altogether. The relief she experienced was indescribable, bringing an end to her remarkable and exhausting ordeal.

Donna’s case remains one of the most extraordinary medical mysteries in history. The exact reason behind her prolonged sneezing fit is still not fully understood, and her recovery has left doctors and researchers intrigued but perplexed. While her condition was undoubtedly a harrowing experience, Donna’s story serves as a testament to human resilience and the capacity to endure unimaginable challenges.

Today, Donna Griffiths lives a relatively normal life, free from the constant sneezing that once plagued her existence. Her remarkable journey continues to fascinate and inspire, reminding us of the remarkable complexities of the human body and the enduring spirit of those who face extraordinary circumstances.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Sneezing myths and facts” — BBC News

WTF Fun Fact 13379 – Benefits of Listening to Birds

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In the quest for improved mental health, one often overlooks the simple pleasures of nature. But a recent study published in Scientific Reports revealed the benefits of listening to birds and the profound impact birds can have on our mental health and well-being.

The benefits of listening to birds

Birds offer a unique connection to the natural world, proving to be a source of solace and rejuvenation. Birdsongs possess a remarkable ability to transport us to serene natural environments, even when we reside in bustling urban landscapes.

Research conducted by the Max Planck Institute for Human Development found that listening to birdsongs, even through headphones, can alleviate negative emotions.

Interacting with birds on a regular basis has been strongly linked to better mental health. A study involving 1,300 participants, who documented their well-being multiple times a day using the Urban Mind smartphone app, revealed a significant positive association between seeing or hearing birds and improved mental well-being. Remarkably, these benefits persisted for hours after the encounter.

Even individuals diagnosed with depression displayed positive effects when exposed to birdsong and birdlife in their surroundings. This highlights the importance of preserving and protecting environments that sustain bird populations, as they can provide a natural remedy for mental health challenges.

No need for real birds

In a separate study, participants who listened to diverse birdsongs reported a decrease in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and paranoia. This effect was even observed with just two species of birdsongs, showcasing the potential of these therapeutic sounds.

In contrast, exposure to traffic noise had adverse effects on mental well-being. The study reinforces the significance of nature’s healing aspects and highlights the negative impact of urban environments on our psychological state.

Nature, including birdsong, has a profound effect on our mental well-being. The attention restoration theory suggests that spending time in nature improves concentration and reduces mental fatigue associated with urban stress.

Furthermore, researchers have linked spending time in green spaces to reduced stress, lower blood pressure, and lower cortisol levels. Engaging with nature also promotes physical activity, adding another layer of mental health benefits. Birdwatching, in particular, has been shown to enhance mental health, with individuals who savor the joy of each bird sighting reporting greater benefits.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Why birds and their songs are good for our mental health” — Washington Post

WTF Fun Fact 13378 – Volcanoes of Mars

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The volcanoes of Mars are part of the planet’s dramatic landscape. Mars is also home to the solar system’s largest known volcano – Olympus Mons.

The many volcanoes of Mars

Mars’ volcanic landscape provides valuable insights into its geological history and the processes that have shaped its surface. The volcanoes of Mars have played a significant role in shaping the planet’s topography and its potential for supporting past or present life.

A variety of volcano types, including shield volcanoes, volcanic domes, and stratovolcanoes, exist on Mars. Shield volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons, exhibit a broad, low-profile shape and gentle slopes. Successive eruptions of fluid lava gradually build up the volcano’s size, facilitated by the low gravity of Mars, resulting in exceptionally large shield volcanoes that dominate the planet’s surface.

In addition to shield volcanoes, other volcanic structures on Mars provide unique insights. Volcanic domes form as viscous lava accumulates around a vent, creating a steep and rounded top. Scattered across the Martian landscape, these structures offer clues about past volcanic activity and its nature.

Olympus Mons

Olympus Mons stands as the largest volcano in the solar system. Its colossal size and unique characteristics make it a captivating subject of scientific study. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, formed by repeated volcanic eruptions over millions of years. Unlike the steep-sided stratovolcanoes found on Earth, shield volcanoes are characterized by their broad, gently sloping profile.

Olympus Mons reaches an astonishing height of approximately 13.6 miles and spans a diameter of about 370 miles. This dwarfs Earth’s largest volcano, Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

The surface of Olympus Mons reveals intricate lava flow patterns, resulting from multiple eruptions over time. The volcano’s low topographic relief and extensive lava flows contribute to its shield-like shape.

An explosive field of research

While Mars is believed to be geologically less active than Earth, evidence suggests that volcanic activity on the planet occurred in the past and may even persist to a limited extent today. The discovery of volcanic features and geological clues shed light on the planet’s volcanic history.

Volcanic eruptions on Mars have had a significant impact on its environment. Outpourings of lava, release of volcanic gases, and ash deposition have influenced the composition of the Martian atmosphere and potentially affected the planet’s climate.

The study of Martian volcanoes provides scientists with a deeper understanding of the processes that shape rocky planets. By comparing volcanic activity on Mars to that on Earth and other celestial bodies, researchers can unravel the underlying mechanisms driving volcanic eruptions and their implications for planetary evolution.

—WTF fun facts

Source: Olympus Mons – NASA Mars Exploration

WTF Fun Fact 13377 – Tu Youyou and the Nobel Prize

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Tu Youyou is a Chinese scientist and pharmaceutical chemist whose groundbreaking work in the discovery of artemisinin revolutionized malaria treatment. Her contributions have had a significant impact on global health, saving countless lives. Interestingly, she sought (and found) the award-winning compound in the corpus of Ancient Chinese Medicine.

According to the Nobel Prize website (cited below): “She is the first mainland Chinese scientist to have received a Nobel Prize in a scientific category, and she did so without a doctorate, a medical degree, or training abroad.”

The training of Tu Youyou

Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, Tu’s interest in medicine may have started after she had to miss two years of school after a bout of tuberculosis.

Tu’s interests eventually landed her at Beijing Medical College. There, she studied pharmacology – a modern science – but with a traditional backbone. At college, she learned how to classify medicinal plants and extract their active ingredients in order to learn more about their chemical structure. She would do this with many of the thousands of plants in the ancient Chinese medical handbooks.

Tu Youyou went to work at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1955, after graduation.

She was first asked by the Chinese government to help find a treatment for malaria during the Vietnam War. Vietnamese soldiers were dying in droves because the disease had become resistant to the standard treatment – chloroquine. But this posed a global health threat. She joined the battle against the disease after Chairman Mao Zedong launched a project called Project 523 in 1967.

Discovering a new malaria treatment

In 1969, Tu became the head of Project 523 and traveled to Hainan Island in southern China. She had to leave her two young children behind for three years to study the disease in its deadly habitat.

After she returned, the scientific work began.

In Beijing, Tu and her team were facing a difficult situation. Over 240,000 compounds had already been tested for their potential use in anti-malarial drugs, but none worked. That’s when they returned to the ancient Chinese medical text.

A reference to sweet wormwood (known as Artemisia annua) would turn out to be the key. She had identified it for its ability to help with “intermittent fevers” – a key symptom of malaria. It had been used in China around 400 AD.

Turning nature into medicine

Through meticulous experimentation, Tu Youyou and her team successfully isolated a compound from Artemisia annua that demonstrated potent anti-malarial properties. She named this compound artemisinin. It was very successful in killing malaria in laboratory tests.

After lab tests came clinical trials, which were also successful. The great thing about artemisinin was that it helped kill malaria while minimizing the development of resistance to the medication. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), which combine artemisinin derivatives with other anti-malarial drugs, have since become the gold standard in malaria treatment worldwide.

Tu Youyou’s groundbreaking discoveries earned her numerous accolades and recognition. In 2015, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, becoming the first Chinese scientist to receive this prestigious honor. Her contributions have had a profound impact on global health, particularly in regions heavily burdened by malaria.

Tu Youyou’s impact on the future

Artemisinin and its derivatives have transformed malaria treatment and played a crucial role in reducing the mortality rate of this deadly disease. Their widespread use has significantly contributed to the decline in malaria-related deaths worldwide. Tu Youyou’s work continues to inspire scientists, researchers, and healthcare professionals in the ongoing fight against malaria.

Despite the remarkable success of artemisinin-based therapies, challenges remain in the battle against malaria. The emergence of drug resistance, particularly in Southeast Asia, underscores the need for ongoing research and innovative approaches to combat this persistent global health issue. Scientists continue to study artemisinin and explore novel drug combinations to stay ahead of the evolving malaria parasite.

—WTF fun facts

Source: Tu Youyou – The Nobel Prize website

WTF Fun Fact 13376 – Dawn Chorus

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Even if you’ve never heard of the phenomenon known as the dawn chorus, you’ve likely heard the sound itself. As the sun rises in spring and summer, a symphony of sounds fills the air when birds engage in a vocal performance that serves various important purposes.

What is the bird’s dawn chorus?

The dawn chorus is a collective effort involving multiple bird species, each contributing its unique voice to the melodic tapestry. From the lilting trills of songbirds to the resonant calls of woodpeckers and the distinctive melodies of thrushes, the symphony represents a rich diversity of avian vocalizations. But they aren’t singing to us.

One of the primary functions of this natural symphony is territorial defense. Birds seize the opportunity to assert their ownership over specific territories. By filling the air with their songs, they establish clear acoustic boundaries that communicate to other birds that the area is already claimed. This territorial proclamation helps to minimize conflicts and maintain an orderly distribution of resources.

Another purpose of the dawn chorus is mate attraction. During the breeding season, male birds use their vocal prowess to woo potential mates. By singing prominently in the early morning hours, males not only showcase their physical fitness but also advertise their presence to females. The melodious performances serve as impressive displays of strength, stamina, and genetic quality, enticing potential partners and ensuring successful breeding opportunities.

Communicating through song

The dawn chorus also serves as a means of communication within bird communities. It allows individuals to stay in touch with their flock members, enhancing social cohesion and facilitating cooperative activities.

Birds utilize specific calls, songs, and vocalizations to convey messages about foraging locations, potential threats, and other important information. The intricate language of the dawn chorus helps birds maintain social bonds and promote the collective well-being of their group.

The composition and timing of the dawn chorus can vary significantly from region to region. Different bird species have their preferred time of day for vocalizing, resulting in a dynamic and ever-changing soundscape. In some areas, certain species may dominate the chorus, creating a distinct acoustic signature unique to the local ecosystem.

While the dawn chorus is most prominent during the breeding season, it can occur throughout the year, albeit with less intensity and diversity. Factors such as weather conditions, habitat characteristics, and the presence of migratory species can influence the overall dynamics of the chorus.

Scientists and bird enthusiasts continue to study the dawn chorus to unravel its secrets. By examining vocal patterns, deciphering communication codes, and exploring the impacts of environmental factors, researchers gain insights into the complex social dynamics and ecological significance of these morning concerts.

Such knowledge aids in conservation efforts, ensuring the preservation of habitats that support thriving bird populations and the continuation of this captivating phenomenon.

—WTF fun facts

Source: The Dawn Chorus | Bird Mating Season — RSPB

WTF Fun Fact 13374 – The Basal Meristem

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Have you ever wondered why most grass is able to stand straight up without flopping over until it’s very long? It’s because of something called the basal meristem.

Anatomy of grass – the basal meristem

Gras is much more than a simple ground cover. This seemingly humble plant boasts a remarkable adaptation that allows it to thrive even in the face of grazing and cutting. The basal meristem is grass’s unique way of growing from the base.

The basal meristem, located at the base of the grass plant, is a specialized tissue responsible for its continuous growth and regenerative capabilities. Many other plants rely on apical meristems at the tips of their shoots. But grasses have evolved to grow from the base, giving them an edge in challenging environments.

The benefits of a basal meristem

This adaptation is particularly beneficial in the context of grazing and cutting. When herbivores nibble on the aboveground parts of the grass, they remove the exposed leaves and stems. However, the basal meristem remains intact, allowing the plant to bounce back quickly. It is from this resilient meristem that new shoots emerge, ensuring the ongoing growth and survival of the grass.

The ability to regrow from the base makes grass an ideal choice for grazing pastures, where animals feed on the vegetation. The constant nibbling from herbivores triggers the basal meristem to produce new shoots, providing a continuous food source for livestock and wildlife.

Reasons to mow your lawn

Grass’s remarkable regenerative abilities are not limited to grazing situations. Lawn maintenance, such as mowing, also benefits from the basal meristem’s unique growth pattern. When a lawnmower cuts the visible blades of grass, the basal meristem remains untouched, ready to initiate the regrowth process. This allows lawns to maintain their vibrant appearance, quickly recovering from the trimming.

The frequency and height at which the lawn is mowed can indirectly affect the health and growth of grass. Regular mowing at the appropriate height promotes a healthier lawn by removing the top portion of the grass blades and stimulating lateral growth. This encourages the development of a denser and more resilient turf. Mowing also prevents the grass from becoming too tall and promotes the allocation of resources to the basal meristem, where new shoots originate.

However, it’s important to note that cutting the grass too short, known as scalping, can have negative effects on the basal meristem and overall grass health. Scalping can damage the meristem and hinder regrowth, leading to a weakened lawn.

Restoring grasslands

The basal meristem’s resilience also plays a crucial role in the restoration and management of grasslands. Whether it’s rehabilitating degraded landscapes or controlling invasive species, understanding the basal meristem’s mechanisms is essential. By cutting the aboveground parts of unwanted plants, resource managers can harness the regenerative power of the basal meristem to encourage the growth of desired grass species and promote ecosystem health.

In addition to its regrowth capabilities, the basal meristem contributes to the overall hardiness of grasses. This adaptation enables grass to endure and recover from environmental stresses such as drought, fire, and physical disturbances. The continuous growth from the base allows grasses to maintain their vigor, even when exposed to challenging conditions. This resilience makes them essential players in stabilizing soil, preventing erosion, and providing valuable habitat for numerous plant and animal species.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Grass Biology” — Grasses of Palm Beach and Martin Counties