Science

WTF Fun Fact 13438 – Killer Whales are Dolphins

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Here’s a bit of trivia that might just turn your marine world upside down: killer whales, also known as orcas, aren’t whales. They’re actually the largest dolphins in the sea! That’s right, Shamu, the poster child for what we envision when we think of whales, is really more Flipper than Moby Dick.

Are orcas whales or dolphins?

Orcas, known for their black bodies, striking white patches, and formidable size, are a sight to behold. However, despite their common name – killer “whale” – these majestic creatures are more closely related to their smaller, playful dolphin cousins.

Now, this might seem like a marine biologist trying to mess with you, but it’s all in the scientific classification. Orcas are part of the oceanic dolphin family, known as Delphinidae, which includes other well-known species like the bottlenose dolphin and the common dolphin. Essentially, all killer whales are dolphins, but not all dolphins are killer whales.

In fact, the orca’s scientific name, Orcinus orca, loosely translates to ‘demon from hell’, a nod to their reputation as fierce hunters. But don’t let the ominous name scare you, these creatures are incredibly intelligent and social.

Orcas, like their dolphin relatives, are known for their intelligence and complex social structures. They live in tight-knit groups known as pods, led by a matriarch, often the oldest female. Within these pods, they communicate using a series of clicks, whistles, and body movements.

What’s fascinating about orcas is that different pods can have different cultures, dialects, hunting techniques, and even dietary preferences. This level of cultural diversity is virtually unheard of outside of human societies, further cementing their place in the pantheon of intelligent life on Earth.

Classifying creatures

However, their classification as dolphins doesn’t make them any less ‘killer’. They are apex predators, the top of the food chain, preying on seals, fish, squid, and even other whales. Their name, ‘killer whale’, is actually a bit of a misnomer. It originates from the term ‘whale killer’, coined by sailors who observed these dolphins attacking larger whales.

Despite being top predators, orcas face a host of challenges in the modern world, ranging from pollution and loss of prey to climate change and captivity. Our understanding of orcas, their behaviors, and their needs, is crucial for their protection.

Perhaps one of the best ways we can appreciate orcas is to realize that they’re not so different from us. They’re intelligent, they’re social, they’re diverse, and they’re vulnerable. They’re dolphins that have adapted to their environment in remarkable ways, rising to the top of the oceanic food chain.

So next time you hear the term “killer whale”, remember, these magnificent creatures are actually the ocean’s largest dolphins. Just another example of how the natural world continues to surprise and inspire us!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Is an orca (killer whale) a whale or a dolphin?” — WDC

WTF Fun Fact 13437 – Nuclear Pasta

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Luckily, nuclear pasta is not coming to a dinner plate near you.

Imagine the densest material in the universe. It’s far harder than a diamond. In fact, this stuff is ten billion times stronger. Nestled in the heart of a neutron star, there’s a material that goes by the name: nuclear pasta.

Why is it called nuclear pasta?

Welcome to the most outlandish, mind-boggling part of astrophysics. Neutron stars, the remnants of massive stars that exploded as supernovae, pack twice the mass of our sun into a sphere just 20 kilometers in diameter. As a result, these objects have some truly wild properties.

If you were to dig into the heart of a neutron star, you’d see layers of complexity. As you delve deeper, things get denser and denser. Around halfway to the center, the density of the material becomes so great that the atomic nuclei become squished into a variety of shapes. Scientists believe they resemble pasta types, hence the nickname.

But what makes this stuff special?

According to research, these are likely the densest and hardest substances in the universe. In fact, one sugar cube of nuclear pasta would weigh as much as a mountain.

Theoretical physicists and astrophysicists have been trying to simulate nuclear pasta to better understand its properties. According to a 2018 study, nuclear pasta may be the strongest material in the universe. It’s not only incredibly dense but also has a shearing resistance tougher than steel’s.

This immense density results in intense gravitational fields, causing the pasta shapes to align themselves into an incredibly tight lattice structure. This structure could play a crucial role in various neutron star phenomena, including starquakes, glitches, and even gravitational waves.

Interestingly, nuclear pasta doesn’t exist naturally on Earth, and for a good reason – it’s way too dense and strong for our environment. But the fact that it exists in the universe opens up a whole new realm of physics.

Discovering the existence of nuclear pasta is also vital for understanding neutron stars better. These stars are not only fascinating in their own right but also play a crucial role in the life cycles of galaxies. Understanding more about neutron stars could, therefore, lead to insights about how galaxies, including our own Milky Way, evolve over time.

There’s still so much to learn about neutron stars. But one thing’s for sure – the universe is full of fantastic and surprising structures!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “What is nuclear pasta?” — BBC Sky at Night Magazine

WTF Fun Fact 13436 – Vertical Forests

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Do you know about the urban jungles called vertical forests? These towers of lush greenery stretch skyward, a testament to man’s ingenuity and nature’s adaptability.

The original vertical forest – Bosco Verticale

Vertical forests stem from the inventive mind of Italian architect Stefano Boeri. His vision for a greener planet led to the creation of Bosco Verticale, a pair of residential towers in Milan. These living, breathing structures showcase over 900 trees, 5,000 shrubs, and 11,000 floral plants. The foliage acts as an urban lung, absorbing carbon dioxide and pumping out oxygen, offering a breath of fresh air in a bustling metropolis.

Vertical forests in Asia

Hot on Milan’s heels, Nanjing, China, unveiled its vertical forest concept in 2018. Nanjing Green Towers mirror their Italian counterparts, cocooning a hotel, office, museum, school, and a rooftop club in a verdant embrace. Greenery cloaks the buildings, forming a dynamic ecosystem that provides shade, reduces noise pollution, and creates a habitat for birds and insects.

Across the globe in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Vo Trong Nghia Architects has a vision. With the city’s greenspace dwindling, they proposed a series of condominiums swathed in bamboo-filled concrete planters. They’ve named it the “House for Trees,” with each building designed to accommodate a tree on its roof.

A burgeoning trend

But, vertical forests aren’t solely for the concrete giants of the world. Medium-sized cities have jumped on the bandwagon too, with Eindhoven, a quaint city in the Netherlands, unveiling its own verdant vision. Trudo Vertical Forest is an affordable housing project designed to provide low-income families with sustainable homes wrapped in the embrace of 125 mature trees and countless shrubs.

In Quito, Ecuador, the urban jungle takes a different form. The IQON is Latin America’s first vertical forest, with plans to feature over 300 tree species, some of which are in danger of extinction. It’s an ambitious project, and one that aims to reconcile the city with its biodiverse surroundings.

Finally, let’s take a trip to the desert. In the heart of Egypt’s New Administrative Capital, Stefano Boeri strikes again. He proposes a series of seven vertical forest buildings and three green residential complexes. The design aims to combat desertification while creating a bio-diverse urban ecosystem.

These are just a few examples of the burgeoning trend of vertical forests, a unique solution to urbanization’s challenges. As the world’s cities continue to expand, it’s this kind of innovative, nature-centric architecture that will help keep our urban environments breathable, sustainable, and beautiful.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “9 Vertical Forests Around the World That Look like Jungles in the City” — Interesting Engineering

WTF Fun Fact 13429 – Crown Shyness in Trees

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Have you ever seen a tree get nervous? Certainly not, but crown shyness in trees is about to give you a whole new perspective.

Imagine wandering through a dense forest, the quiet whispers of leaves your only company. You gaze upward, finding yourself under a vast, living canopy. Now, observe the leaves’ formation. Notice how each leaf reaches out for its share of sunlight, yet mysteriously avoids overlapping with its neighbor. This intriguing behavior is known as crown shyness.

Crown shyness is a botanical phenomenon where trees of the same species (and sometimes, different species) avoid touching one another. The resulting gaps in the canopy form a stark, jigsaw-like pattern against the sky—a natural artwork of lines and spaces, fascinating and beautiful.

What causes crowd shyness in trees?

The exact cause of crown shyness remains a subject of debate among scientists. Some theories propose that it’s a mechanism to prevent the spread of harmful insects or diseases. Others suggest it’s due to the trees’ sensitivity to physical contact. When branches collide due to wind, they could sustain damage, leading to a phenomenon known as ‘branch abrasion.’ Over time, the trees might “learn” to avoid contact, hence the “shyness.”

But whatever the cause, the consequences of crown shyness on forest ecosystems are tangible. The patterns it creates reduce competition for sunlight, enabling all trees to flourish. Moreover, the resulting gaps in the canopy permit more rainfall to reach the forest floor, benefitting the undergrowth.

Even though we attribute the term “shyness” to this phenomenon, the reality is anything but timid. It’s a fierce competition for survival and a demonstration of cooperative living in the wild. It’s a reminder that trees, though stationary and silent, engage in complex interactions with each other.

The more we know the less we understand

By observing and understanding these unique patterns, we gain insights into the interconnectedness of nature. We comprehend how trees, despite being rooted to the spot, communicate and interact with their environment in ways beyond our understanding.

In our fast-paced world, a moment spent contemplating the “shyness” of the trees can instill a deeper respect for the complexity and subtlety of nature. As we walk under the forest’s green canopy, we’re participating in a delicate dance that’s been choreographed over millennia. A dance where each participant knows their place and respects the other, a dance of survival, adaptation, and above all, cooperation.

So, the next time you wander into a forest, look up. Witness the marvel of crown shyness. You’re not merely observing a scientific phenomenon; you’re peering into an intricate world that continues to inspire, educate, and mesmerize us.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Some trees may ‘social distance’ to avoid disease” — National Geographic

WTF Fun Fact 13423 – Egyptian New Year

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Ancient Egyptian New Year took place right after the summer solstice. But it’s all because of the stars.

How did the ancient Egyptian New Year work?

In ancient Egypt, a star took center stage in the night sky right after the summer solstice. Not just any star, but Sirius, the brightest in our galaxy. Its annual appearance sparked a series of critical events. The Nile River would flood, replenishing the arid land with fresh, fertile soil. An agricultural resurgence followed, as did the beginning of a new year in the Egyptian calendar. That’s why Sirius was also referred to as the “Nile Star.”

New beginnings

So, what was the connection between the summer solstice, Sirius, and the Nile’s annual flooding? Each event seemed to occur in a synchronized manner. The solstice, marking the longest day of the year, was like the opening act. It was the signal, the green light, that Sirius was about to make its grand appearance.

Soon after the solstice, just as the Earth began its tilt away from the sun, Sirius would rise above the eastern horizon. The Egyptians saw this as no coincidence. In their view, Sirius had a profound influence on the Earth. It controlled the ebbs and flows of the mighty Nile.

In essence, the Egyptians saw the world around them as a mirror of the cosmos. Everything was interconnected. The rise of Sirius, the flooding of the Nile, the abundance of crops – these were not isolated events but part of a grand, divine plan. They believed Sirius triggered the Nile flood. The life-bringing waters were a celestial gift, ushering in a season of fertility and growth.

Following the cosmos

With the rise of Sirius linked to such an essential natural event, it’s no surprise the Egyptians incorporated it into their calendar. The Egyptian New Year was not only a temporal marker but a time of celebration, renewal, and anticipation for the bountiful harvest that lay ahead.

The fascinating link between Sirius, the summer solstice, and the flooding of the Nile demonstrates the Egyptians’ profound understanding of astronomy and its influence on their environment. They recognized patterns, made predictions, and used this knowledge to their advantage.

And this is yet another reminder that calendars do not arbitrarily mark time but are instead rooted in the significant events of their world.

— WTF fun facts

Source: “SUMMER SOLSTICE: 3 HISTORICAL LOCATIONS THAT MARK THE ORIGINAL HOLIDAY” — Inverse

WTF Fun Fact 13419 – The Train Fueled by Ramen

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Buckle up because we’re taking a train ride fueled by ramen. Yes, the noodly food with the broth that can’t be beat.

The magic of ramen

It turns out that the magic of ramen in Japan extends beyond the bowl. Japan’s love affair with ramen has led to an invention that’s a perfect fusion of ingenuity and sustainability: the ramen-fueled train.

In Japan’s Miyazaki Prefecture, there’s a popular sightseeing train on the Amaterasu Railway. It takes you through scenic landscapes in style. And it runs on an unexpected sustainable fuel source: leftover ramen oil!

Yes, you read it right – the waste oil from ramen noodles is now a green energy source.

How does a train fueled by ramen work?

So, how does a bowl of ramen morph into train fuel?

According to Mental Floss (cited below) reporting from My Modern Met:

“As of the latter half of 2022, it runs on tonkotsu ramen broth salvaged from local restaurants. A Japanese trucking company called Nishida Logistics extracts pork fat from the stock and refines it; it’s then mixed with old oils used to fry foods like tempura. The final formula consists of 90 percent cooking oil and 10 percent ramen broth lard.”

Ramen as fuel for green energy

Now, let’s shine the spotlight on the ecological benefits of this ramen revolution. Every liter of biodiesel reduces CO2 emissions by approximately 2.5 kg compared to regular diesel. In one year, the train is estimated to utilize around 21,000 liters of biodiesel. It’s not just a drop in the ocean. It’s a significant leap towards carbon neutrality.

But, the benefits of this initiative extend beyond reducing carbon footprints. By utilizing waste oil, it helps reduce disposal costs and risks associated with waste oil. Simultaneously, it offers an additional income stream to ramen shops that otherwise would have to pay to dispose of the excess oil.

Another noteworthy facet of this project is its community involvement. The biodiesel is sourced from local ramen shops, promoting a sense of community participation in sustainable practices.

Ramen power

While the ramen-fueled train is a unique case, it represents a broader shift towards sustainable energy sources in transportation. The ingenuity of using a readily available waste product showcases the limitless possibilities for sustainable energy.

From a bowl of ramen to the sweeping landscapes of the town of Takachiho, the journey of this energy-efficient train tells a tale of environmental stewardship. The ramen-fueled train is not just a sightseeing marvel; it stands as a testament to Japan’s pioneering spirit in tackling environmental challenges head-on.

So, the next time you find yourself in Japan, relishing a bowl of delicious ramen, remember – you’re not just feeding your stomach, but also fuelling a greener future. Now, that’s food for thought!

—WTF fun facts

Source: “This Tourist Train in Japan Is Fueled By Salvaged Ramen Broth” — Mental Floss

WTF Fun Fact 13416 – Blood Falls Antarctica

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Blood Falls Antarctica is a frozen waterfall, cascading five stories from the ice, gushing forth not crystal-clear water but an arresting, vivid red liquid.

So, what’s the backstory of Blood Falls Antarctica?

It’s a tale woven from the threads of geology, microbiology, and chemistry, spun over millennia. Blood Falls gets its name and dramatic hue from iron-rich brine, trapped under Taylor Glacier over two million years ago.

The secrets of the falls stayed locked away until the brine found a fissure through which to burst forth. And here’s the fun part – the iron in the water, upon exposure to air, undergoes a reaction. It rusts! Just like an old garden rake left out in the rain, the liquid takes on a startlingly bright, rusty red hue. Hence, the startling crimson cascade that is Blood Falls.

It’s alive!

But the story doesn’t end there. Hidden beneath the glacier, in the depths of the briny reservoir, researchers discovered something utterly mind-blowing. Microbes! Yes, you read that right – in an environment devoid of light and oxygen, where temperatures can dip well below freezing, life has found a way.

These extremophile microbes feast on sulfates in the water, metabolizing them into energy. Aha! Now we’re cooking! These minuscule organisms offer fascinating insights into life’s tenacity, its sheer refusal to go gentle into that good night. They show us the stunning adaptability of life and provide tantalizing possibilities about life existing in similar conditions on other planets. Mars, anyone?

A unique tourist destination

Now, you might think that with its vivid, gory spectacle and a location as remote as Antarctica, Blood Falls would be off the radar for most people. But you’d be mistaken. This extraordinary waterfall has become a focal point for scientists and a bucket list destination for adventure tourists seeking experiences far from the beaten path. Imagine the selfies!

It’s a testament to nature’s ingenuity and never-ending capacity to surprise and inspire us. From the moment geologist Griffith Taylor discovered it in 1911, Blood Falls has been a thing of grim beauty and scientific wonder. It stands there today, a riveting red river flowing from a glacier’s heart, a symbol of the mysteries that still lie tucked away in Earth’s farthest corners, waiting for us to uncover them.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Blood Falls in Antarctica, what makes them red?” — EarthSky

WTF Fun Fact 13414 – Robot Fish Becomes Leader

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If you’ve ever envisioned a future where artificial intelligence invades the aquatic kingdom and a robot fish becomes leader of the school, you might just be onto something!

Picture a tank of swimming fish. Now add a robotic fish to that tank. You’d expect the live fish to scatter, spooked by the mechanical imposter, right? Turns out, you’d be wrong. Research in this fascinating domain shows that real fish not only tolerate these robot interlopers but can even be coaxed into following them.

Robot fish becomes leader of the tank

At the heart of this tale is the work of a scientist named Maurizio Porfiri. Using a blend of robotics and biomimicry, Porfiri’s team developed a robot that could emulate the physical movements of a live fish. But they didn’t stop there. They ventured further and studied the response of live fish to this robotic swimmer.

Fascinatingly, the fish didn’t just accept the robot, they followed it, forming what Porfiri calls a “robot-induced aggregation.” How is this possible? It’s all about social dynamics and swimming cues. When the robo-fish mimicked the tail beat frequency and vibrational signals of the live fish, the flesh-and-blood swimmers rallied around it, accepting it as a leader.

Talk about shaking up the pecking order in the fishbowl!

Swimming into Uncharted Waters

The successful manipulation of live fish behavior through robotics could revolutionize our understanding of aquatic ecology. It opens up a realm of possibility for further exploration of aquatic life, from behavioral patterns to habitat shifts.

But the implications of this research extend beyond the fish tank. It’s not just about getting guppies to play follow the leader. It’s about the potential applications for environmental management and conservation efforts. Imagine being able to steer schools of fish away from oil spills, or to lead them towards cleaner, safer waters during a pollution crisis.

Moreover, these findings could catalyze significant advancements in robotics, particularly in the field of autonomous vehicles. If robots can successfully integrate and lead in the fish world, who’s to say this can’t be replicated in other contexts?

The Ripple Effect

There’s an element of the uncanny in all this – a robotic fish infiltrating a group of live fish, undetected, and rising to a position of leadership. However, this development signifies more than just an underwater coup. It represents the integration of advanced robotics and nature, a synergy that could lead us into an era of unprecedented technological growth and ecological understanding.

The world of fish-bots offers an intriguing glimpse into the future of robotics and its potential influence over natural life. As we continue to unravel the possibilities, the question remains: how far can we push the boundaries of this robot-led world, and what ripple effects might we see?

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Robot becomes a leader among fish” — New Atlas

WTF Fun Fact 13411 – Third Man Syndrome

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There’s a curious phenomenon that many have experienced, yet few can explain: the Third Man Syndrome.

In the face of imminent peril or isolation, it is not uncommon for trauma survivors to report the presence of an unseen companion, a ‘third man’ lending strength and support to the weary and hopeless. “I was not alone,” they claim, recounting tales of their brush with death. It’s an invisible guardian angel, a phantom comrade-in-arms, or simply an ethereal presence. The phenomenon was christened the “Third Man Factor” by author John Geiger, and it’s been the subject of many a fascinating debate ever since.

Shackleton’s imaginary companion

Take, for instance, the harrowing account of explorer Ernest Shackleton. Marooned on the Antarctic ice, he reported a spectral figure guiding him and his men. Or consider mountaineer Joe Simpson’s survival against all odds in the Andes. He too, attributed his triumph to an unseen companion. Are these figments of a desperate imagination, or is there something more to the enigma of the Third Man Syndrome?

From science’s perspective, our brains are the maestros orchestrating these peculiar phenomena. When humans face extreme duress, the mind endeavors to mitigate the stress. By conjuring an imaginary companion, it creates a buffer against the unrelenting dread of solitude or danger, often morphing into a life-saving coping mechanism.

The Third Man Syndrome explained (kind of)

But is it fair to reduce these profound experiences to mere cerebral reactions? Some argue that such dismissiveness overlooks the transformative potential of these encounters. The Third Man, whether a product of our neurons or a divine intervention, can catalyze a seismic shift in individuals. They emerge from their trials not merely survivors, but altered, evolved beings.

There’s a peculiar twist to this tale: the Third Man doesn’t merely assist during the crisis; his impact often lingers long after the danger has passed. Survivors report an increased sense of connectivity and compassion and an enhanced appreciation for the vibrancy of life. This post-traumatic growth, they suggest, is the ultimate gift of the Third Man.

A mystery to be unraveled

Could this strange phenomenon hint at untapped realms of human consciousness? That’s a question scientists, philosophers, and spiritual leaders continue to wrestle with.

For now, whether a byproduct of mental stress or a metaphysical phenomenon, the Third Man Syndrome is an extraordinary testament to the resilience of the human spirit. It speaks of our innate longing for connection, our indefatigable will to survive, and perhaps, the existence of a higher reality we’re yet to fully comprehend.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Third Man Syndrome: In Life Or Death Scenarios, Survivors Report A Helpful Person Appearing” — IFL Science

WTF Fun Fact 13410 – Vibrating Constipation Pill

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Who could imagine a future where a vibrating constipation pill could bring on intestinal freedom? Well, here we are.

Jolt your body into action

Constipation. It’s a bummer. Literally. Over 16% of adults worldwide are held captive by its relentless grip, but help could be on the way. Enter the miraculous, yet slightly odd, vibrating pill.

This ground-breaking innovation is brought to you by Vibrant Ltd. They’ve crafted the quirky solution that buzzes its way through your digestive system, essentially shaking things up in there. The aim? To jolt the bowels into action and bring sweet relief to constipation sufferers.

How the vibrating constipation pill works

Packed with miniature mechanics, the vibrating pill buzzes away like a tiny, digestible jackhammer. It’s like a Zumba class for your intestines, really! Vibrations are known to stimulate muscle contraction and that’s precisely what this pill is designed to do – inspire your gut to get moving.

Imagine the possibilities. No more dreaded laxatives with their notoriously unpleasant side effects, replaced instead by a mellow hum lulling your stubborn intestines into action.

The science underpinning this futuristic fix involves the concept of mechanosensation. Our bodies are finely tuned machines, responding to physical forces like pressure and vibration. The idea behind the vibrating pill is to leverage these natural physiological responses to gently coax the bowels into doing their job.

The research

But what do the trials say? According to WebMD (cited below), early results are promising. In a study involving over 200 constipation sufferers, almost half of those who took the vibrating pill saw an improvement in their symptoms. Contrast that with the 12% in the placebo group, and it appears that we have a winner.

Importantly, the pill’s effects seem to persist even after treatment has ended. That’s right – this tiny buzzing wonder may offer long-lasting relief, an exciting prospect for those grappling with chronic constipation.

Still, as with all innovative health technologies, there are hurdles to overcome. The pill must pass rigorous safety and efficacy tests before it gets the green light for general use. Not to mention, the idea of swallowing a vibrating object might need some getting used to for some!

While the vibrating pill may sound like science fiction, it exemplifies the exciting juncture of tech and health. In a world where nanobots and bioelectronics are increasingly becoming part of medical discourse, the vibrating pill represents an ingenious way to tackle an age-old problem.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Vibrating Pill Can Help Treat Constipation” — WebMD

WTF Fun Fact 13400 – Brain Processing Speed and Intelligence

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Scientists have discovered something interesting about brain processing speed and intelligence. It turns out our decision-making abilities are not necessarily linked to intelligence.

A study by researchers from BIH and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin found that individuals who performed better on intelligence tests were faster at solving simple problems but required more time for difficult tasks compared to those with lower scores.

How is brain processing speed related to intelligence?

In the popular imagination, thinking fast is usually associated with intelligence. There are studies that support this idea, but they might not have been considering a wide enough range of measures.

Personalized brain simulations revealed that brains with reduced synchronization between different regions tended to make hasty decisions. Meanwhile, higher-scoring participants took longer to solve complex tasks and made fewer mistakes. The findings, published in the journal Nature Communications, shed light on the intricate workings of the human brain.

How did they perform the research?

Led by Professor Dr. Petra Ritter, director of the brain simulation section at the Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the researchers employed computer simulations to understand decision-making processes and their variations among individuals. They used digital data from brain examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, and mathematical models based on theoretical knowledge of biological processes, to develop “personalized brain models” that mirrored individual participants’ brain activity.

For the study, the researchers collaborated with the Human Connectome Project, which collects data on nerve connections in the human brain. The project provided data from 650 participants who had undergone cognitive tests and obtained IQ scores.

The results of brain processing speed research

The scientists discovered that the brains in both the simulations and real individuals exhibited different behaviors based on their levels of synchronization. Slower brains exhibited higher functional connectivity. This allowed neural circuits in the frontal lobe to delay decisions longer than in less coordinated brains. As a result of the temporal coordination, brains were able to gather more information before reaching a conclusion.

The study also revealed that reduced functional connectivity caused some brains to jump to hasty decisions instead of waiting for upstream brain regions to complete the necessary processing steps. The synchronization of brain regions, forming functional networks, influenced working memory and the ability to hold off on decisions for a longer time. Complex problems required holding information in working memory while searching for alternative solutions, leading to better results.

The research provides valuable insights into the balance between excitation and inhibition in the brain’s decision-making processes and its impact on working memory.

The implications

These findings have implications beyond understanding human intelligence. The improved simulation technology used in the study can potentially aid in personalized treatment planning for patients with neurodegenerative diseases like dementia or Parkinson’s. Computer simulations could help doctors estimate the most suitable interventions, medications, or brain stimulation techniques for individual patients, taking into account the likely efficacy and side effects of each approach.

By uncovering the complexities of brain function and decision-making, this research contributes to our knowledge of the human mind and may open new avenues for personalized medicine and treatment strategies in the future.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Intelligent brains take longer to solve difficult problems” — Berlin Institute of Health

WTF Fun Fact 13387 – Earth’s Core May Be Hotter Than The Sun

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Scientists believe that the Earth’s core, consisting primarily of iron and nickel, may be hotter than the surface of the sun, with temperatures reaching up to 5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit).

Why do scientists think the Earth’s core is hotter than the sun’s surface?

The Earth’s core, located approximately 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) beneath the Earth’s surface, remains an elusive and challenging realm for direct exploration. Despite the inability to physically access the core, scientists have employed a combination of sophisticated techniques, including theoretical modeling and seismic studies, to gain insights into its temperature.

Scientists use the analysis of seismic waves generated by earthquakes to study the temperature of the planet’s core. By studying the behavior of these waves as they travel through different layers of the Earth, scientists can infer valuable information about the planet’s internal structure and temperature distribution.

Through seismic studies, scientists have determined that the core’s temperature increases significantly as one ventures deeper into the Earth. The most scorching temperatures are found at the boundary between the outer and inner core, approximately 3,200 miles beneath the Earth’s surface. Here, researchers estimate that the temperature reaches nearly 6,000 degrees Celsius (10,800 degrees Fahrenheit). So, if that’s the case, then the earth’s core is hotter than the sun.

Where’d that heat come from?

Interestingly, the heat in the Earth’s core does not come from the sun. The core’s exceptional temperatures are sustained by two primary heat sources. The first source of heat originates from the residual energy trapped within the Earth since its formation around 4.5 billion years ago. During the Earth’s early stages, countless collisions and mergers between rock fragments produced an immense amount of heat, some of which remains within the core to this day.

The second source of heat within the core arises from the radioactive decay of isotopes present throughout the Earth. Radioactive elements such as potassium-40, thorium-232, uranium-235, and uranium-238 release energy as they undergo decay, contributing to the overall heat budget of the core.

While the core’s temperatures may exceed those of the sun’s surface, it is important to note that the conditions in the core are drastically different. The core’s high pressures prevent its iron-nickel composition from vaporizing into gas despite the extreme temperatures.

This unique combination of heat and pressure creates an environment that sustains the core in a liquid or solid state.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “How has Earth’s core stayed as hot as the sun’s surface for billions of years?” — Space.com

WTF Fun Fact 13379 – Benefits of Listening to Birds

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In the quest for improved mental health, one often overlooks the simple pleasures of nature. But a recent study published in Scientific Reports revealed the benefits of listening to birds and the profound impact birds can have on our mental health and well-being.

The benefits of listening to birds

Birds offer a unique connection to the natural world, proving to be a source of solace and rejuvenation. Birdsongs possess a remarkable ability to transport us to serene natural environments, even when we reside in bustling urban landscapes.

Research conducted by the Max Planck Institute for Human Development found that listening to birdsongs, even through headphones, can alleviate negative emotions.

Interacting with birds on a regular basis has been strongly linked to better mental health. A study involving 1,300 participants, who documented their well-being multiple times a day using the Urban Mind smartphone app, revealed a significant positive association between seeing or hearing birds and improved mental well-being. Remarkably, these benefits persisted for hours after the encounter.

Even individuals diagnosed with depression displayed positive effects when exposed to birdsong and birdlife in their surroundings. This highlights the importance of preserving and protecting environments that sustain bird populations, as they can provide a natural remedy for mental health challenges.

No need for real birds

In a separate study, participants who listened to diverse birdsongs reported a decrease in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and paranoia. This effect was even observed with just two species of birdsongs, showcasing the potential of these therapeutic sounds.

In contrast, exposure to traffic noise had adverse effects on mental well-being. The study reinforces the significance of nature’s healing aspects and highlights the negative impact of urban environments on our psychological state.

Nature, including birdsong, has a profound effect on our mental well-being. The attention restoration theory suggests that spending time in nature improves concentration and reduces mental fatigue associated with urban stress.

Furthermore, researchers have linked spending time in green spaces to reduced stress, lower blood pressure, and lower cortisol levels. Engaging with nature also promotes physical activity, adding another layer of mental health benefits. Birdwatching, in particular, has been shown to enhance mental health, with individuals who savor the joy of each bird sighting reporting greater benefits.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Why birds and their songs are good for our mental health” — Washington Post

WTF Fun Fact 13378 – Volcanoes of Mars

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The volcanoes of Mars are part of the planet’s dramatic landscape. Mars is also home to the solar system’s largest known volcano – Olympus Mons.

The many volcanoes of Mars

Mars’ volcanic landscape provides valuable insights into its geological history and the processes that have shaped its surface. The volcanoes of Mars have played a significant role in shaping the planet’s topography and its potential for supporting past or present life.

A variety of volcano types, including shield volcanoes, volcanic domes, and stratovolcanoes, exist on Mars. Shield volcanoes, such as Olympus Mons, exhibit a broad, low-profile shape and gentle slopes. Successive eruptions of fluid lava gradually build up the volcano’s size, facilitated by the low gravity of Mars, resulting in exceptionally large shield volcanoes that dominate the planet’s surface.

In addition to shield volcanoes, other volcanic structures on Mars provide unique insights. Volcanic domes form as viscous lava accumulates around a vent, creating a steep and rounded top. Scattered across the Martian landscape, these structures offer clues about past volcanic activity and its nature.

Olympus Mons

Olympus Mons stands as the largest volcano in the solar system. Its colossal size and unique characteristics make it a captivating subject of scientific study. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, formed by repeated volcanic eruptions over millions of years. Unlike the steep-sided stratovolcanoes found on Earth, shield volcanoes are characterized by their broad, gently sloping profile.

Olympus Mons reaches an astonishing height of approximately 13.6 miles and spans a diameter of about 370 miles. This dwarfs Earth’s largest volcano, Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

The surface of Olympus Mons reveals intricate lava flow patterns, resulting from multiple eruptions over time. The volcano’s low topographic relief and extensive lava flows contribute to its shield-like shape.

An explosive field of research

While Mars is believed to be geologically less active than Earth, evidence suggests that volcanic activity on the planet occurred in the past and may even persist to a limited extent today. The discovery of volcanic features and geological clues shed light on the planet’s volcanic history.

Volcanic eruptions on Mars have had a significant impact on its environment. Outpourings of lava, release of volcanic gases, and ash deposition have influenced the composition of the Martian atmosphere and potentially affected the planet’s climate.

The study of Martian volcanoes provides scientists with a deeper understanding of the processes that shape rocky planets. By comparing volcanic activity on Mars to that on Earth and other celestial bodies, researchers can unravel the underlying mechanisms driving volcanic eruptions and their implications for planetary evolution.

—WTF fun facts

Source: Olympus Mons – NASA Mars Exploration

WTF Fun Fact 13377 – Tu Youyou and the Nobel Prize

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Tu Youyou is a Chinese scientist and pharmaceutical chemist whose groundbreaking work in the discovery of artemisinin revolutionized malaria treatment. Her contributions have had a significant impact on global health, saving countless lives. Interestingly, she sought (and found) the award-winning compound in the corpus of Ancient Chinese Medicine.

According to the Nobel Prize website (cited below): “She is the first mainland Chinese scientist to have received a Nobel Prize in a scientific category, and she did so without a doctorate, a medical degree, or training abroad.”

The training of Tu Youyou

Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, Tu’s interest in medicine may have started after she had to miss two years of school after a bout of tuberculosis.

Tu’s interests eventually landed her at Beijing Medical College. There, she studied pharmacology – a modern science – but with a traditional backbone. At college, she learned how to classify medicinal plants and extract their active ingredients in order to learn more about their chemical structure. She would do this with many of the thousands of plants in the ancient Chinese medical handbooks.

Tu Youyou went to work at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1955, after graduation.

She was first asked by the Chinese government to help find a treatment for malaria during the Vietnam War. Vietnamese soldiers were dying in droves because the disease had become resistant to the standard treatment – chloroquine. But this posed a global health threat. She joined the battle against the disease after Chairman Mao Zedong launched a project called Project 523 in 1967.

Discovering a new malaria treatment

In 1969, Tu became the head of Project 523 and traveled to Hainan Island in southern China. She had to leave her two young children behind for three years to study the disease in its deadly habitat.

After she returned, the scientific work began.

In Beijing, Tu and her team were facing a difficult situation. Over 240,000 compounds had already been tested for their potential use in anti-malarial drugs, but none worked. That’s when they returned to the ancient Chinese medical text.

A reference to sweet wormwood (known as Artemisia annua) would turn out to be the key. She had identified it for its ability to help with “intermittent fevers” – a key symptom of malaria. It had been used in China around 400 AD.

Turning nature into medicine

Through meticulous experimentation, Tu Youyou and her team successfully isolated a compound from Artemisia annua that demonstrated potent anti-malarial properties. She named this compound artemisinin. It was very successful in killing malaria in laboratory tests.

After lab tests came clinical trials, which were also successful. The great thing about artemisinin was that it helped kill malaria while minimizing the development of resistance to the medication. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), which combine artemisinin derivatives with other anti-malarial drugs, have since become the gold standard in malaria treatment worldwide.

Tu Youyou’s groundbreaking discoveries earned her numerous accolades and recognition. In 2015, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, becoming the first Chinese scientist to receive this prestigious honor. Her contributions have had a profound impact on global health, particularly in regions heavily burdened by malaria.

Tu Youyou’s impact on the future

Artemisinin and its derivatives have transformed malaria treatment and played a crucial role in reducing the mortality rate of this deadly disease. Their widespread use has significantly contributed to the decline in malaria-related deaths worldwide. Tu Youyou’s work continues to inspire scientists, researchers, and healthcare professionals in the ongoing fight against malaria.

Despite the remarkable success of artemisinin-based therapies, challenges remain in the battle against malaria. The emergence of drug resistance, particularly in Southeast Asia, underscores the need for ongoing research and innovative approaches to combat this persistent global health issue. Scientists continue to study artemisinin and explore novel drug combinations to stay ahead of the evolving malaria parasite.

—WTF fun facts

Source: Tu Youyou – The Nobel Prize website

WTF Fun Fact 13376 – Dawn Chorus

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Even if you’ve never heard of the phenomenon known as the dawn chorus, you’ve likely heard the sound itself. As the sun rises in spring and summer, a symphony of sounds fills the air when birds engage in a vocal performance that serves various important purposes.

What is the bird’s dawn chorus?

The dawn chorus is a collective effort involving multiple bird species, each contributing its unique voice to the melodic tapestry. From the lilting trills of songbirds to the resonant calls of woodpeckers and the distinctive melodies of thrushes, the symphony represents a rich diversity of avian vocalizations. But they aren’t singing to us.

One of the primary functions of this natural symphony is territorial defense. Birds seize the opportunity to assert their ownership over specific territories. By filling the air with their songs, they establish clear acoustic boundaries that communicate to other birds that the area is already claimed. This territorial proclamation helps to minimize conflicts and maintain an orderly distribution of resources.

Another purpose of the dawn chorus is mate attraction. During the breeding season, male birds use their vocal prowess to woo potential mates. By singing prominently in the early morning hours, males not only showcase their physical fitness but also advertise their presence to females. The melodious performances serve as impressive displays of strength, stamina, and genetic quality, enticing potential partners and ensuring successful breeding opportunities.

Communicating through song

The dawn chorus also serves as a means of communication within bird communities. It allows individuals to stay in touch with their flock members, enhancing social cohesion and facilitating cooperative activities.

Birds utilize specific calls, songs, and vocalizations to convey messages about foraging locations, potential threats, and other important information. The intricate language of the dawn chorus helps birds maintain social bonds and promote the collective well-being of their group.

The composition and timing of the dawn chorus can vary significantly from region to region. Different bird species have their preferred time of day for vocalizing, resulting in a dynamic and ever-changing soundscape. In some areas, certain species may dominate the chorus, creating a distinct acoustic signature unique to the local ecosystem.

While the dawn chorus is most prominent during the breeding season, it can occur throughout the year, albeit with less intensity and diversity. Factors such as weather conditions, habitat characteristics, and the presence of migratory species can influence the overall dynamics of the chorus.

Scientists and bird enthusiasts continue to study the dawn chorus to unravel its secrets. By examining vocal patterns, deciphering communication codes, and exploring the impacts of environmental factors, researchers gain insights into the complex social dynamics and ecological significance of these morning concerts.

Such knowledge aids in conservation efforts, ensuring the preservation of habitats that support thriving bird populations and the continuation of this captivating phenomenon.

—WTF fun facts

Source: The Dawn Chorus | Bird Mating Season — RSPB

WTF Fun Fact 13375 – Alpha Brain Waves and Creativity

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The relationship between alpha brain waves and creativity has long fascinated researchers and people seeking to tap into their creative potential. While findings are not yet conclusive, evidence suggests that alpha brainwaves may play a role in facilitating creative thinking and idea generation.

What’s the connection between alpha brain waves and creativity?

Brain waves are rhythmic patterns of neural activity that researchers measure with electroencephalography (EEG). Different brainwave frequencies seem to correspond to specific states of consciousness, such as alertness, relaxation, or deep sleep.

Alpha brain waves have a frequency range of 8 to 12 hertz. They are commonly observed when individuals are in a relaxed and calm, but wakeful, state. These brain waves are most prominent when the eyes are closed, during meditative states, or when relaxing. While the exact relationship between alpha brainwaves and creativity is still being explored, several studies have indicated a potential connection.

One theory suggests that alpha brain waves may facilitate creative thinking by promoting a state of relaxed attention and reducing external distractions. When individuals are in this relaxed state, they may be more open to making connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. This can foster divergent thinking—the ability to generate a wide range of novel ideas.

Creativity is complex

The exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between alpha brain waves and creativity remain unclear. So it’s important to approach these findings with caution. Creativity is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon that involves various cognitive processes, environmental factors, and individual differences.

The role of alpha brain waves, although intriguing, is just one piece of the puzzle. Moreover, it’s worth noting that creativity is not solely dependent on alpha brainwave activity. Research also suggests that theta and gamma brainwave frequencies play a role in creative thinking.

Additionally, factors such as domain expertise, knowledge, motivation, and environmental influences all contribute to the creative process. Despite the ongoing scientific exploration, some individuals have reported subjective experiences that align with the potential benefits of alpha brainwave activity on creativity.

Relaxing for creativity

Many artists, writers, and musicians claim to enter a “flow” state—an optimal state of consciousness characterized by effortless focus, heightened creativity, and a sense of being in the zone—when their minds are relaxed and receptive. While the research is still developing, there are practical strategies that individuals can explore to potentially harness the benefits of alpha brainwave activity.

Researchers associate practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and deep relaxation techniques with an increase in alpha waves and may create a conducive mental state for creative thinking. Additionally, creating an environment that minimizes distractions while promoting relaxation—such as quiet spaces, nature settings, or dedicated creative zones—may facilitate a relaxed state of mind and potentially enhance creative output.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “How brain waves enable creative thinking” — Medical News Today

WTF Fun Fact 13374 – The Basal Meristem

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Have you ever wondered why most grass is able to stand straight up without flopping over until it’s very long? It’s because of something called the basal meristem.

Anatomy of grass – the basal meristem

Gras is much more than a simple ground cover. This seemingly humble plant boasts a remarkable adaptation that allows it to thrive even in the face of grazing and cutting. The basal meristem is grass’s unique way of growing from the base.

The basal meristem, located at the base of the grass plant, is a specialized tissue responsible for its continuous growth and regenerative capabilities. Many other plants rely on apical meristems at the tips of their shoots. But grasses have evolved to grow from the base, giving them an edge in challenging environments.

The benefits of a basal meristem

This adaptation is particularly beneficial in the context of grazing and cutting. When herbivores nibble on the aboveground parts of the grass, they remove the exposed leaves and stems. However, the basal meristem remains intact, allowing the plant to bounce back quickly. It is from this resilient meristem that new shoots emerge, ensuring the ongoing growth and survival of the grass.

The ability to regrow from the base makes grass an ideal choice for grazing pastures, where animals feed on the vegetation. The constant nibbling from herbivores triggers the basal meristem to produce new shoots, providing a continuous food source for livestock and wildlife.

Reasons to mow your lawn

Grass’s remarkable regenerative abilities are not limited to grazing situations. Lawn maintenance, such as mowing, also benefits from the basal meristem’s unique growth pattern. When a lawnmower cuts the visible blades of grass, the basal meristem remains untouched, ready to initiate the regrowth process. This allows lawns to maintain their vibrant appearance, quickly recovering from the trimming.

The frequency and height at which the lawn is mowed can indirectly affect the health and growth of grass. Regular mowing at the appropriate height promotes a healthier lawn by removing the top portion of the grass blades and stimulating lateral growth. This encourages the development of a denser and more resilient turf. Mowing also prevents the grass from becoming too tall and promotes the allocation of resources to the basal meristem, where new shoots originate.

However, it’s important to note that cutting the grass too short, known as scalping, can have negative effects on the basal meristem and overall grass health. Scalping can damage the meristem and hinder regrowth, leading to a weakened lawn.

Restoring grasslands

The basal meristem’s resilience also plays a crucial role in the restoration and management of grasslands. Whether it’s rehabilitating degraded landscapes or controlling invasive species, understanding the basal meristem’s mechanisms is essential. By cutting the aboveground parts of unwanted plants, resource managers can harness the regenerative power of the basal meristem to encourage the growth of desired grass species and promote ecosystem health.

In addition to its regrowth capabilities, the basal meristem contributes to the overall hardiness of grasses. This adaptation enables grass to endure and recover from environmental stresses such as drought, fire, and physical disturbances. The continuous growth from the base allows grasses to maintain their vigor, even when exposed to challenging conditions. This resilience makes them essential players in stabilizing soil, preventing erosion, and providing valuable habitat for numerous plant and animal species.

—WTF fun facts

Source: “Grass Biology” — Grasses of Palm Beach and Martin Counties